الفهرس 
الملخص العربييوجد فقط 14 صفحة متاحة للعرض العام
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المستخلص
This project aimed to expand the study of the stages of division meiosis and see the imp act of the correlation and cross ratios shapes phenotypic and genotypes in the offspring and comparison between the Complete Linkage and Crossing Over genetic and know how to mapping chromosomal and the factors that affect the process of crossing genetic, and and then how to calculate coefficient of the Interference and Coincidence and training to solve the issues related to the topic of different ideas linkage and Crossing Over and chromosomal mapping , in order to work on updating the teacher in the field of genetics and the discovery of more cognitive skills and professional information to deliver correct information and the appropriate way to secondary school students.Genetic linkage describes the way in which two genes that are located close to each other on a chromosome are often inherited together. In 1905, Bateson, , . Punnett noted that the traits for flower color and pollen shape in sweet pea plants appeared to be linked together. A few years later, in 1911, Morgan, who was studying heredity in fruit flies, noticed that the eye color of a fly was associated with the fly’s sex and hypothesized that the two traits were linked together. These observations led to the concept of genetic linkage, which describes how two genes that are closely associated on the same chromosome are frequently inherited together.Meiosis is part of the sexual process the reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half and produced four gamete cells.