الفهرس 
الفصل الاولOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 117 |  |  |
| | | from | 117 | | |
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the interaction effect of types of
organic manures under combined application of levels of organic and mineral
fertilizers in sandy soil on wheat productivity.
According to these objectives field experiment at El-Bostan Experimental Farm,
Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour Branch, Alexandria University in winter season of
2005/2006 in arranged in a spilt-spilt plot design in distribution a randomized
complete block design ( RCBD) which contents number of 60 experimental units with
three replicates.
The main plots received three types of organic manures (Farmyard manure,
Compost and Chicken manure) the four levels of organic manures (0, 50, 75, 100%
recommended) were arranged in the first order sub-plots and sub-sub plots received
the five levels of mineral fertilizers (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% recommended)
recommended were 120 unit N, 48 unit P2O5 and 24 unit K2O/feddan.
Used to sowing Giza 168 wheat variety at November 29th 2005 and harvest were
done at 2nd may 2006 were some plant characters were estimated as Spike length,
Weight of spikes /m2,Number of spike lets / spike and Weight of fresh yield /m2 .Plant
samples (grain and straw) were collected from all experimental units and soil samples
were collected from the experimental units for analysis and the collected data were
statistically analyzed as outlined using SAS software (SAS 8 Institute, 1999).
Plant samples (grain and straw) were collected dried in an oven at 65ºC for 48
hrs and grounded following by digests by Sulfuric acid and H2O2 to determination
total N by Kjeldahl method, total P by ascorbic acid and total K by flame photometer
and the soils were analyzed for determination of total N, P, K and N, P and K
available.
The obtained results in this study can be summarized in the following
paragraphs:
A- Agronomic characteristics of wheat crop as affected by
fertilization.
1- Grain and straw yield.
The different types of organic fertilizers were ineffective on weight of spikes
/m2 and grain yield, but in weight of fresh yield and straw yield were superior of
CHM than fertilizers others. Increasing levels of organic and mineral fertilizers led to
increased of grain and straw yield. The biomass and straw higher with treatments
were receiving 100%CHM. While, weight of spikes /m2 and grain yield higher when
used COM+M4 and used 100%organic manures with 75%NPK increased of weight of
spikes /m2 , grain and straw yield.
2- Grain yield components.
The types of organic fertilizers were not significant on grain yield components.
While, by increasing application of organic manures and mineral fertilizers increased
from grain yield components values. Although, the higher value for number grain per
spike in treatments were fertilization by 100% organic manure with 100% mineral
fertilizers. The greatest weight of 1000 grain was found with treatments were
receiving 100% COM with 50%NPK.
3- Spike characters.
The Chicken manures superior than the other organic fertilizers in spike
characters. By application of 100%CHM gave higher length spike and number of
spike lets per spike, and by increasing concentration of organic fertilizers or mineral
SUMMARY
92
fertilizers or together increased from length and weight of spike and number of spike
lets and weight of grain per spike.
B- Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium content in grain and straw
of wheat crop as affected by fertilization.
The macro nutrients uptake by grain and straw higher in CHM than COM and
FYM and by increasing levels of organic and mineral fertilizers increased nutrients
uptake. On the other side, by application of rates the higher from organic + mineral
fertilizers gave uptake higher for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.
C- Residual amount of nutrients in soil as affected by applied
fertilizers.
The macro organic and mineral nutrients were the residual in soil after
experimental period increased in treatments were receiving CHM followed by COM
followed by FYM. We found by increasing levels of organic and mineral fertilizers
increased of nutrients residual quantity in soil. In effect of combined application from
levels of organic manures and mineral fertilizers found that the nutrients residual
quantity in treatments were receiving 100%CHM with 100%NPK higher than the
others treatments.
D- Calculated characteristics as affected by applied fertilizers.
1. Partial factor productivity.
Partial factor productivity higher with FYM and were decreased by increasing
levels of organic fertilizers, but levels of mineral fertilizers not significantly in effect
them on PFP. We found that the PFP increased in not organic manures application.
While, the PFP higher with treatments which received FYM + 25%NPK.
2. Benefit: Cost ratio.
The Benefit: Cost ratio of FYM was higher than the other fertilizers, but B: C
ratio not effect by levels of organic fertilizers and mineral fertilizers. The highest
values of B: C ratio found in 75% FYM and treatments were receiving 75% organic
manures with the low level from mineral fertilizers.
3. Agronomic efficiency.
There was no significant variation among the treatments of different organic
manures, but the higher value found in FYM and by increasing levels of organic
fertilizers increased AE. In contrast, not found agronomic efficiency in treatments
which received 100% mineral fertilizers.
4. Utilization efficiency.
The NUTE and KUTE of FYM were higher and increased the NUTE in
treatments of FYM with NPK and decreased the KUTE when using the high levels
from organic fertilizers as CHM. Contrary, the PUTE not significant among types
different of organic manures and by increasing levels of organic fertilizers decreased
the NUTE, PUTE and KUTE were increased by increasing levels of mineral
fertilizers.
5. Use efficiency.
The Farmyard manures led to the higher value for nitrogen and potassium use
efficiency. While, the CHM produced the higher value of phosphorus use efficiency.
The low levels from organic and mineral fertilizers gave high value for fertilizers use
efficiency. The higher value of NUE and KUE were found in treatments which
receiving FYM with the low levels from NPK and 25%NPK. In contrast, the higher
value for PUE noticed in treatments were receiving CHM with 25%NPK and were
receiving levels of mineral fertilizers alone.
SUMMARY
93
6. Mass balance.
The higher losses for N and K in treatments were receiving CHM and
100%CHM with 100%NPK. While, P-losses higher when application COM and by
increasing O.M.L or M.F.L increased losses quantity for these nutrients. We found
that the treatments were not receiving any fertilizers P-acquired event and by
increasing O.M.L with M.F.L increased P-losses quantity.
7. Uptake efficiency.
The NUPE higher in COM and increased by increasing O.M.L and M.F.L and
the higher value found in treatments which receiving 100%COM with the low levels
from NPK. But the PUPE increased in CHM treatments and the higher value found in
treatments were receiving 100%CHM with the low levels from NPK. In contrast, the
KUPE higher in FYM treatments and 100% from organic and mineral fertilizers.
8. Decomposition rate.
The NDR and KDR of CHM were higher and in O.M.L increased but by
increasing M.F.L decreased decomposition rate. While, PDR increased in COM than
other organic fertilizers and in higher levels from organic fertilizers and in zero levels
from mineral fertilizers.