الفهرس 
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Abstract
Cytological and biochemical studies as well as molecular techniques have been used to study genetic variation between four cultivars of Medicago sativa and its wild relative Medicago intertexta (L.) Mill., as well as four cultivars of Trifolium alexandrinum L. and their wild relative Trifolium resupinatum L. The data of cytological studies for Medicago species confirmed that somatic chromosome number for the wild M. intertexta was 2n=16 and 2n=32 for the four cultivars of M. sativa. In the other hand, chromosome number for T. alexandrinum and T. resupinatum were 2n=16. This study results indicated that Medicago sativa cultivar Sewa 1 and T. alexandrinum cultivar Sakha 4 are more advanced. For biochemical analysis, SDS-PAGE technique has been applied for the studied species of Medicago and Trifolium. The electrophenogram shows a total of twenty bands for Medicago species and fifteen bands for the Trifolium species. Medicago intertexta differentiated by a unique band of molecular weight 35 KDa. The band with molecular weight 38 KDa was a good marker to differentiate cultivated species of Trifolium from their wild relative T. resupinatum. DNA polymorphism of selected taxa was studied using different marker system: Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR). Five primers used in RAPD and ISSR techniques separately. RAPD primers generated a total of 26 bands for Medicago species ranging in size from 198 to 1897 bp. and 28 bands ranged in molecular size between 388 and 1152 bp. for Trifolium species. Five primers were used in ISSR analysis for the investigated species of Medicago in the generation of 40 bands ranging in molecular size between 127 and 2978 bp. For Trifolium species ISSR primers generated 39 bands ranged in molecular size between 182 and 1843 bp, included 12 polymorphic bands. To unify all data resulted from cytological, biochemical and molecular studies, all data were subjected to statistical analysis.