الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The human foot is a highly complex structure. It has two major functions to support the body in standing and progression to lever it forwards in walking, running and jumping. The human foot, is normally arched in its skeletal basis. Its medial border arches up between the heel and the ball of the big toe, forming a visible and obvious medial longitudinal arch. The bones that form the medial longitudinal arch are calcaneus, talus, navicular, the three cuneiforms bones and their three metatarsal bones. The pillars of the arch are the tuberosity of the calcaneus posteriorly and the heads of the medial three metatarsal bones anteriorly. Bony factors do not play a significant role in maintaining the stability of this arch. Ligaments are important, but are unable to maintain the arch entirely on their own. The most important structure is the plantar aponeurosis. Deltoid, plantar and Talocalcaneal interosseous ligaments, together with the capsule of the talonavicular and naviculocuneiform joints play important role in maintaining the medial longitudinal arch. The posterior tibial muscle, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus and intrinsic muscles of the foot also help in supporting the arch. Loss of the medial longitudinal arch of foot results in pes planovalgus
or deformity. The term is used to describe a mixture of anatomica variations and pathological conditions. In adolescents the most common disorders seen include flexible pes planovalgus, tarsal coalition, accessory navicular bone and neglected congenital vertical talus.