الفهرس 
Introduction
Aim of workOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The pattern of disease morbidity and mortality throughout the world is changing both in developed and developing world. During the 20th century; infectious diseases were the major cause of death and disability. In this century, non-communicable, non-infectious diseases have become the major cause of mortality and morbidity around the world. The attention being paid globally to chronic kidney diseases is attributable to five factors; the rapid increase in its prevalence, the enormous cost of treatment, recent data indicating that overt disease is the tip of iceberg of covert disease; data from the United States suggested that for every patient with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), there is more than 200 with overt CKD stage 3 or 4, and almost 5000 with covert disease stage 1 or 2, an appreciation of its major role in increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease and finally the discovery of effective measures to prevent its progression. These factors render chronic kidney disease an important focus of health care planning in the developed countries, but the problem they delineate in the developing countries are far more challenging.
Our study is a cross sectional survey (systematic random sample)study aimed at revealing the prevalence and stages of chronic kidney diseases(CKD) in rural areas in Qena district; also detect the most common risk factors associated with CKD in the same area.
Our study was carried out from February 2012 till December 2013 by selecting 450 participants from two villages from Qena district; Elkalaheen and Abnoud. Each participant was interviewed for history taking, blood pressure measurement, weight and height measurement, blood and urine sample to do the following tests serum creatinine, urineanalysis including microalbuminuria and finally estimating eGFR for every one.
The total number of sample was 450 candidates,58% from Elkalaheen and 42% from Abnoud.
The study revealed that the mean of the following: systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, weight ,height, serum creatinine and eGFR among the studied sample were158.90mmHg, 98.90mmHg, 72.34Kg ,1.65m,1.19mg/dl and 102.91ml/minrespectively.
Urinalysis shows that the percentages of microalbuminuria, pyuria, proteinuria, heamaturia and glucosuria among the participants included in this study were 22% ,17.78% , 16.89% ,15.33% and 7.33% respectively.
The study shows that the frequency of CKD among the studied sample after estimating the GFR according to K/DOQI guidelines2002 was 30.2% and the frequency of CKD stages I,II,III and IV in this study were10.9%, 7.6 %,8.9 %,2.9% respectively of total studied sample.
The study shows that hypertension (13.1%)was the commonest risk factor after smoking (20%) followed by diabetes (10.2%) ,past history of stones (7.8%).the other risk factors were past history of bilharziasis (3.8%), chronic urinary tract infection (3.3%), chronic non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs use(1.8%),gout(1.6%), polycystic kidney disease (0.9%), systemic lupus(0.9%), past history of proteinuria(0.7%) and rheumatoid arthritis(0.7%).
In studying relation between some known risk factors and CKD results showed that the age has significant association with increasing frequency of CKD that 16.2%,21.5% and 48.2% of the participants who were<30 years old,50- and <100years old respectively have CKD. Hypertension also had significant association with increasing frequency of CKD that 25% of participants with CKD had hypertension while 7.96% of normal participants had hypertension .As regard diabetes mellitus it also showed significant association with increasing frequency of CKD that 18% of participants with CKD had diabetes mellitus while 6.69% of normal participants had diabetes mellitus . Past history of stones also showed significant association with increasing frequency of CKD.
As regard to results of current study we recommend the following:awareness about the burden of CKD,screening programs for early detection of CKD,early detection of risk factors involved in the inhibition and progression of CKD,regular follow up of high risk patients especially diabetic and hypertensive patient and tight control of risk factors for chronic kidney disease.