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Abstract In the present study , 115 oral samples of stimulated whole saliva were collected from 115 patients, referring to the to various dental clinics at Ismaailia and Zagaziz ) for routine dental care were included .These included 20 patients as control. Diabetic group, consisted of 20 patients (10 female and 10 male). Denture wearing group,consisted of 30 patients (20 female and 10 male) . Smoking group ,consisted of 30 male patients, Underlying diseases and medication grou p, consisted of 15 patients ( 10 female and 5 male). Candida albicans was recovered from all studied cases from the oral saliva of various patients . Overgrowth of Candida species can lead to oral candidiasis, that can manifest itself as erythema, white plaque, thrush, with the prevalence in diabetic persons , those uptaking bacterial antibiotics for extended periods ,those persons using artificial dentures either partially or complete denture besides those persons which are heavy smokers.This study showed that smoking is an important predisposing factor for oral candidiasis ,as it has been strongly associated with higher presence of Candida species. It has been shown that the great majority of oral candidiasis patients are moderate to heavy cigarette smokers. The rate of oral candidal carriage can be variably affected by smoking,becoming either more or less intense in different individuals. Vaginal samples were collected from 205 patients attending the obstetrics and gynecology unit of ( Suez Canal University hospital and various women gynecological clinics in Zagazig ) ,These included, control group, consisted of 10 women in their reproductive years symptomatic pregnant group , consisted of 30 pregnant women, Symptomatic non- Pregnant group, consisted of 30 non-pregnant women , Contraceptive users group , consisted of 75 women, oral contraceptive users , consisted of 20 women Intrauterine device(I.U.D) users ,consisted of 50 women , Injection users,consisted of 5 women, Medication uptake(for underlying diseases) group consisted of 30 women,( Diabetic group, consisted of 10 women , Antibiotic treatment group , consisted of 10 women , Psychological medication group, consisted of 5 women , corticosteroid treatment group consisted of 5 women ) , Dressing pattern group, consisted of 30 women (Tight dressing group , consisted of 15 women , loose dressing group, consisted of 15 women . Candida albicans was recovered from almost most of the collected vaginal samples ( vaginal secretions and intrauterine devises ) with the prevalence in cases of those women with Diabetes mellitus and using contraceptives( intrauterine devises ) without proper personal hygiene. Besides those wearing artificial tight clothing fasions . and those uptaking various medication therapy . Our study confirmed the pathogenic role of Candida on the mucocutaneous membranes of the oral cavity of humans suffering from some other underlying diseases as Diabetes mellitus which result in reduction in the efficiency of the body immune status ,or other underlying diseases requiring the uptake of specific medications as broad spectrum bacterial antibiotics resulting in over growth of Candida in the oral cavity. Also, our study confirmed that denture wearing and heavy smoking are important predisposing factors for Candida over growth resulting in oral candiases. The pathogenic role of Candida on the mucocutaneous membranes of the vaginal cavity was also confirmed with several predisposing factors including Diabetes mellitus , long term uptake of bactrial antibiotics , pregnancy ,the long term use of oral and local contraceptives besides the very tight clothing wearing habits . The pathological effect of Candida over growth in the oral and vaginal cavity was also confirmed as affected mucous membranes immunoglobulins IgA ,IgM and IgG in both of oral saliva ,vaginal secretion and serum samples . Besides its effect on total saliva protein . albumin and glucose content . At the same time the saliva protein profile was affected by the presence and overgrowth of Candida . Biochemically ,Candida dessimination via the oral route affected the liver , kidney functions . some blood parameters and female hormone profile . Candida spp. are frequent colonizers of the oropharynx in humans, and high salivary Candida counts may predispose to oral candidiasis. In this study we evaluated the effect of smoking, diabetes, drugs, denture wearing on the intensity of Candida colonization in patients. Oral candidosis is a common opportunistic infectious disease. The predisposition to oral candidal colonization and infection is increased with immunodeficiency, denture wearing and tobacco smoking. In addition, high carbohydrate diet and diabetes mellitus may predispose to Oral candidosis. C. albicans is the most common type of microorganism found in oral candidal infections . The higher prevalence of C. albicans was explained by the higher capability to adhere to mucosal surfaces, which is considered as the first step in the pathogenesis of oral candidiasis . Secretory IgA inhibits Candida adherence to oral mucosa. It has been demonstrated that chewing increases the secretion of IgA, as well as other salivary proteins Therefore, it is possible that patients who stimulated salivary output had an increase in salivary IgA and proteins, and this exerted protection against Candida. |