الفهرس 
Applied Anatomy of the BreastOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Early detection of breast cancer improves the chances that it can be diagnosed at an early stage and treated successfully. Breast cancer that is detected because it is causing symptoms tends to be relatively larger and is more likely to have spread beyond the breast. In contrast, breast cancer found during screening examinations is more likely to be small and still confined to the breast.
Attention has been focused on early ways of diagnosis of breast cancer as early management of the tumors markedly affects outcomes.
The goal of breast cancer screening must be early detection of malignancy at a stage that will lead to a reduction in morbidity and mortality.
Screening tests for breast cancer includes; breast self examination, clinical breast examination and mammography.
Other Diagnostic tests includes; non-invasive Procedures (as ultrasonography, ductography, MRI and PET) and invasive procedures (as fine needle cytology, tru-cut needle Biopsy, open breast biopsy, frozen section and stereotactic core needle biopsy).
Several factors pose a great risk in the development of breast cancer and thus needs earlier screening. These factors includes; factors that can be controlled (as parity, alcohol and dietary fat consumption, breast feeding… etc), factors that can’t be controlled (as Age, race, family history… etc).
Staging and classification of breast tumors plays a major role in planning treatment strategies and predicting disease outcome.
Following the diagnosis of a breast tumor, its properties and staging should be established in order to determine treatment options.
Surgery is the first line of treatment for non-metastasized tumors. Surgery for breast carcinoma include: modified radical mastectomy and conservative surgery as skin sparing mastectomy, subcutaneous mastectomy, quadrantectomy, lumpectomy and tumorectomy.
Oncoplastic surgery is another option for surgical treatment of breast tumors. It represents the integration of plastic surgery techniques into breast cancer surgery in order to preserve aesthetical outcomes and quality of life of the patients.
Systemic treatment given before surgery called neoadjuvant therapy which is effective in disease progression, long term survival and distant recurrence. Systemic treatment given after surgery called adjuvant therapy used to kill any undetected tumor cells that migrate to other parts of the body.
Medical therapy of breast cancer includes (radiation therapy and systemic therapy which includes chemotherapy and hormone therapy).
The ultimate goal of the research of the prognostic factor is to better tailor the treatment of the patient to the clinical, pathological and biological characteristics of the tumer.
For the clinician, the main questions are how useful these prognostic factor for daily routine practice and how to interpret them. The interrelation between the biological factors in breast cancer is important and complicates the determination of the relative value of each factor. For thses reasons, multivariate statistical analysis only allows one to determine independent prognostic factors.
The prognostic value of factors determined in a series of the patients receiving no adjuvant therapy may be modified when hormonal treatment or chemotherapy are given, if this factor is predictive of the response to treatment.
The cost of measuring a factor as well as reproduction of the measure must be taken into account. The value of well-established prognostic factors determined after good histopathologic technique has been confirmed by a large number of studies and remains the most important.
For operable breast tumers, the axillary involvement, the Histologic grade and the size of the tumer remain the most important prognostic factors.
For patients who have conservative treatment, the main factors of local breast relapse are: the presence of an extensive intraductal component and the involvement of the margins of the tumerectomy.
So, the relative value of well-established prognostic factors may be modified in the future with use of biological parameters as predictors of response to treatment and even as targets for new treatment.