الفهرس 
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Abstract
The consumption of soft drinks has increased considerably during the last decades. Soft drinks are a growing phenomenon affecting all age groups in our community especially the adolescents and children. Soft drinks are clearly a part of our culture. So, the increasing intake of soft drink may reflect an unhealthy lifestyle, because soft drinks may displace other nutritious foods such as milk and fresh fruit and nutrients such as fiber. Several studies showed that the excessive consumption of soft drinks leads to harmful health effects. This investigation aimed to evaluate the effect of some types of soft drinks and some low calories soft drinks on general health status of normal rats. The current study was performed on a total of thirty adult male albino rats, average body weight ranged between (150 ± 5g). All rats were fed on (normal) basal diet during experimental period of 6 weeks. The rats were housed into 6 groups each of 5 rats. One group was kept as a control negative (C-ve) group, while the other 5 groups received different types of soft drinks as (4ml /day / rat) by oral for 6 weeks according to the following groups: Group (1): Control negative group (C-ve), in which normal rats were fed on basal diet during experimental period for 6 weeks. Group (2): Rats received cola soft drink as 4 ml / day / rat by oral and feeding on basal diet during experimental period for 6 weeks. Group (3): Rats received diet cola soft drink as 4 ml / day / rat by oral and feeding on basal diet during experimental period for 6 weeks. Group (4): Rats received orange soft drink as 4 ml / day / rat by oral and feeding on basal diet during experimental period for 6 weeks. Group (5): Rats received green apple soft drink as 4 ml / day / rat by oral and feeding on basal diet during experimental period for 6 weeks. Group (6): Rats received lemon soft drink 4 ml / day / rat by oral and feeding on basal diet during experimental period for 6 weeks. SUMMARY [150] At the end of the experimental period the following was done: • Rats were weighted, and then body weight gain and feed efficiency ratio were calculated. • Blood samples were collected after 12 hours fasting then centrifuged to separate the serum which used for the following: - Glucose levels. - Kidney function (urea, creatinine and uric acid). - Liver function (GOT and GPT levels). - Lipid profile (triglyceride – total cholesterol – LDL-c – HDL-c – VLDL-c – atherogenic index). - Serum Ca. - Complete Blood Count (CBC) some blood was collected into EDTA tubes for (Red blood cells, hemoglobin, PCV%, MCV, platelet count, White blood cells and three forms: Neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes) . • The organs: Liver, kidney, heart and stomach were removed, cleaned and weighted. Liver and stomach were stored in 10% formalin solution for histopathological examination. • Bones: shoulder and femurs bones were removed and cleaned for x-ray examination. The obtained results showed that: • Biological Results: 1. The effect on BWG%, FI and FER. - There were a significant increase in BWG% and FER of rats which received different types of soft drinks as compared to (C-ve). While, there were no significant differences in food intake between all groups, indicate and confirm that the real effect for BWG% due to soft drinks administration. SUMMARY [151] - The strongest effect on BWG% and FER showed by diet cola soft drink group unexpectedly because they contain less energy compared to other types, but it also agree with some studies that the rising consumption of diet soft drinks provides a rising intake of aspartame which can contribute to weight gain and obesity. 2. The effect on relative of organs weight. - There is a significant decrease on relative of liver weight orange soft drink and lemon soft drink group but other groups showed no significant changes as compared to (C-ve). - As regard to relative of kidney and heart weight, there was a significant decrease in all groups which received different types of soft drinks as compared to (C-ve) except diet cola soft drink group for kidney weight and green apple soft drink group for heart weight which showed that no significant decreases as compared to control negative group. - There were no significant changes on relative of stomach weight in group’s cola soft drink, orange soft drink and green apple soft drink and significant increase in diet cola soft drink group and significant decrease in lemon soft drink group as compared to (C-ve). 3. The effect on serum levels of glucose - Glucose levels in (cola soft drink and green apple soft drink) group non significantly increased, while glucose levels in (diet cola soft drink, orange soft drink and lemon soft drink) groups significantly increased as compared to (C-ve) and the highest effect on glucose level by lemon soft drink group. 4. The effect on kidney functions - Groups (diet cola soft drink, green apple soft drink and lemon soft drink) showed no significant increase in urea levels while there were significant increases in urea levels in (cola soft drink and orange soft drink) groups as compared to (C-ve). The worst effect on urea level recorded for cola soft drink group and showed no significant difference between it and orange soft drink and lemon soft drink groups, at the same time there were no significant changes between orange soft drink group and each of green apple soft drink and lemon soft drink groups. SUMMARY [152] - Creatinine level showed no significant changes in (cola soft drink and diet cola soft drink) groups but it showed significant increases in (orange soft drink, green apple soft drink and lemon soft drink) groups as compared to (C-ve). The highest effect on creatinine level recorded for lemon soft drink group. Also, there were no significant changes between lemon soft drink group and each of green apple soft drink and orange soft drink groups. - Uric acid level in rats which received different types of soft drinks showed no significant differences as compared to (C-ve) and the highest values were recorded for lemon soft drink group. 5. The effect on liver functions. - The results revealed significant increase in serum SGOT levels in all groups which received different types of soft drinks except cola soft drink group as compared to (C-ve). - The strongest effect in serum SGOT levels recorded for orange soft drink group. - There were no significant changes in serum GPT levels in all groups except diet cola soft drink and orange soft drink groups which showed significant increase as compared to (C-ve). Diet cola soft drink group was the highest effect on serum SGPT levels also showed no significant different between diet cola soft drink and each of cola soft drink orange soft drink group. 6. The effect on Lipid profile. - The results showed a significant increase in TC levels in rats which received cola soft drink, diet cola soft drink and green apple soft drink types and showed no significant increase in group’s orange soft drink and lemon soft drink as compared to (C-ve). Green apple soft drink group was the highest effect in TC levels. - There were no significant changes in HDL-c levels in diet cola soft drink, orange soft drink and green apple soft drink groups, while HDL-c levels significantly decreased in cola and lemon soft drink groups as compared to (C-ve). The worst effect on HDL-c levels recorded for cola group which didn’t significantly different from that of lemon soft drink group. Also, there were no significant differences in HDL-c values between lemon soft drink group and orange soft drink group. SUMMARY [153] - There was a significant increase in LDL-c levels in all groups except lemon soft drink group which recorded no significant decreased in LDL-c levels as compared to (C-ve). Green apple soft drink group recorded the strongest effect in LDL-c levels then cola soft drink and diet cola soft drink groups which didn’t significantly changes between each other. - There were a significant increase in serum VLDL-c and TG levels in cola, diet cola soft drink and lemon soft drink groups while orange soft drink and green apple soft drink groups non significantly increased as compared to (C-ve). Lemon soft drink group recorded the strongest effect in VLDL-c and TG levels then cola soft drink and diet cola soft drink groups which didn’t significantly changes between each other. - There was a significant increase in AI in all groups which received different types of soft drinks as compared to (C-ve). Cola soft drink group showed the highest level in the ratio of (AI); then green apple soft drink and lemon soft drink groups which didn’t significantly difference between each other. 7. The effect on bones. - There were no significant differences on serum calcium levels in all groups which received different types of soft drinks as compared to (Cve). Orange soft drink group recorded the highest value of serum calcium level while cola soft drink group recorded the lowest value of serum calcium levels as compared to other groups. - By speaking about weight of shoulder bones and femur which significantly decreased in all groups which received different types of soft drinks as compared to (C-ve). The lowest of weight of shoulder bones and femur recorded for green apple soft drink group then cola soft drink group. - There were no significant differences in length of bones shoulder in all groups which received different types of soft drinks except lemon soft drink group which showed a significant increase in length of shoulder bones as compared to (C-ve). Also, there were no significant differences in length of femur in all groups which received different types of soft drinks except orange soft drink group. SUMMARY [154] - There is no significant differences in perimeter of shoulder bones in cola soft drink, diet cola soft drink and lemon soft drink groups as compared to(C-ve). Groups of orange soft drink and green apple soft drink showed significant increases in perimeter of shoulder bones as compared to control negative group. - Also, there were no significant differences in perimeter of femur in all groups which received different types of soft drinks except orange soft drink group which showed significant increase in perimeter of femur as compared to (C-ve). - Although there is no significant difference for bone mineral density (both total femur and small area) measurements between the control and lemon soft drink group rats, both measurements were statistically significantly different between the cola soft drink and orange soft drink consuming rats (P < 0.01). The total femur bone mineral density, bone mineral concentration and small-area bone mineral density values were significantly lower in the cola soft drink, diet cola soft drink and green apple soft drink consuming rats compared to the control group rats (P < 0.05). 8. The effect on hormones. - There was a statistically significant decrease in the triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) levels and a statistically significant increase in progesterone levels and 1-α,25-hydroxy vitamin D levels in the cola soft drink, green apple soft drink and diet cola soft drink groups. 9. The effect on Complete blood count (CBC). - The results revealed significant decreased in hemoglobin level (HB), PCV and red blood cells (RBCs) in all groups which received different types of soft drinks as compared to (C-ve). All mean values of hemoglobin, PCV% and (RBCs) in these groups didn’t significantly differ between each other and the lowest value recorded for diet cola soft drink group. - There were no significant differences in MCV in all groups which received different types of soft drinks as compared to (C-ve). The highest value of MCV recorded for diet cola soft drink group while the lowest value of MCV recorded for lemon soft drink group in which MCV values in each of this two groups didn’t significantly different from other groups. SUMMARY [155] - There were no significant changes in white blood cells (WBCs) in all groups which received different types of soft drinks as compared to (Cve). Orange soft drink group recorded the lowest mean value of white blood cells as compared to other groups. - There were significant increases in neutrophils% and absolute of neutrophils count in all groups which received different types of soft drinks except orange soft drink group which showed a significant decreased in values of neutrophils% and absolute of neutrophils count as compared to (C-ve). Also, lemon soft drink group was the highest value of relative neutrophils and absolute of neutrophils while orange soft drink group was the lowest value. - There was significant decrease in lymphocytes% in all groups which received different types of soft drinks except orange soft drink group which showed no significant increased as compared to (C-ve). Lemon soft drink group was the lowest value of the relative lymphocytes. - While absolute lymphocytes showed no significant changes in diet cola soft drink and green apple soft drink groups as compared to (C-ve). Also, there were significant decreased in absolute lymphocytes in cola soft drink, orange soft drink and lemon soft drink as compared to (Cve). - There was significant decrease in monocytes% in diet cola soft drink group and significant increase in lemon soft drink group and no significant changes in other groups as compared to (C-ve). While there were no significant changes in absolute of monocytes count in cola soft drink and diet cola soft drink groups and significant decrease in orange soft drink and significant increase in green apple soft drink and lemon soft drink group as compared to (C-ve). - There was significant decrease in platelet count in all groups which received different types of soft drinks as compared to (C-ve). • Histopathological and bone x ray results: The histopathological results of liver showed kupller cells activation in orange soft drink group and showed congestion of hepatic’ sinusoids in green apple soft drink group, while liver of rat from cola soft drink, diet cola soft drink and lemon soft drink groups showed no histopathological SUMMARY [156] changes. The histopathological results of stomach showed slight submucosal oedsma and slight submucosal inflammatory cells infiltration in cola soft drink group and showed submucosal oedsma in orange soft drink and lemon soft drink groups. While stomach of rat from diet cola soft drink and green apple soft drink groups showed no histopathological changes. As regard to plain x ray on bones of upper and lower extremities AP of control negative group revealed normal bone density and no fracture line detected (N -6). Meanwhile, plain x ray on bones of upper and lower extremities AP of rats from cola soft drink, diet cola soft drink, green apple soft drink and lemon soft drink groups revealed normal bone density, no fracture line detected and no periosteial reactions (N-1, 2, 4 and 5). While, Plain x ray on bones of upper and lower extremities AP of rats from orange soft drink group revealed normal bone density and fracture shaft detected at the upper left one (N- 3). from all results which reported, it could be recommended that running an awareness campaign among the adolescents to highlight the importance of decreasing the consumption of soft drinks and low calories soft drinks, because high consumption of soft drinks and low calories soft drinks for long time leads to bad health effects. It should be substitute soft drinks and low calories soft drinks with fresh fruit juices and milk products to reach to healthy lifestyle. Using school-based educational programs to discourage the consumption of carbonated drinks and low calories soft drinks in children. Parents should be modified their behaviors by limiting their own soft drink and low calories soft drink consumption as model healthy behaviors. Soft drinks and low calories soft drinks should not be an essential beverage.