الفهرس 
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Abstract
The aim of this investigation is to obtain information and evaluation of serological tests( RBPT and TAT) for diagnosis of brucellosis of cows in qena governorate.
sensitive alternative test for detection for brucella spp. either following serology or directly in field samples and comparing the sensitivity and specificity of the traditional method and that of PCR.Brucellosis is one of the major worldwide diseases caused by facultative
intracellular bacteria of the genus Brucella. The disease is characterized by
abortion, retained placenta, orchitis and epididymitis in its principal animal
hosts and by weakness, fever, chills, sweating, joint pain and headaches in
human. Control of brucellosis in animals is still considered a difficult task due
to the contagious nature of the disease, wide host range, latency as well as
difficulty to detect all infected cases at all stages of the disease. Application of
policy of test and slaughter has been reported in different countries including
Egypt. Great limitation of this method is mainly due to difficulty of accurate
diagnosis in individual cases (Salem et al., 1987). Migratory sheep and goats
especially those grazing after cattle constitute a major risk and can make serious
breakdowns in the control program. To boost the control program, effective
epidemiological tools are needed for tracing of infection. To gain detailed
epidemiological information about the disease spread among different animal
species in various localities, one must not rely only on serological testing, but
thorough bacteriological examination is necessary.
Although identification to the species level is the primary goal of allAlthough identification to the species level is the primary goal of all
microbial classification schemes, the accurate recognition of subtypes within a
species is assuming greater importance. The use of competent biotyping
methods is necessary to enable a differentiation of the Brucella strains and to
define the source of infection, mechanisms of transmission and rate of spread of
infection.
Subtyping of the genetically and phenotypically closely related members
of the genus Brucella presents a real challenge. Molecular means including
DNA restriction endonuclease analysis (O’Hara et al., 1985; Gándara et al.,
2001), DNA-DNA (Verger et al., 1985 and DNA- rRNA (De Ley et al., 1987;
Grimont et al., 1992) hybridization revealed high genomic resemblance.
Genotyping failed thus far in differentiating all strains at the biovar level(Bardenstein et al., 2002; Cloeckaert et al., 2002; Marianelli et al., 2003).
Very recently, Bricker et al. (2003) discriminated among field strains of Br.
abortus biovar 1. Inter-laboratory reproducibility of genotyping methods for
brucella has been problematic making the global application of such methods
unlikely, at least for the time being.
To make matters worse, an almost single predominant strain, Br. melitensis
biovar 3, has been lately encountered in animals in Egypt (Ghobashy et al.,
2003; Sayour, 2004).
This renders biovar identification of limited value for epidemiological
trace-back to the herd/flock of origin as brucellosis is highly communicable and
zoonotic.Aims of the present thesis are:
1) The aim of this investigation is to obtain information and evaluation of of
serological tests (RBPT and TAT) for diagnosis of brucellosis of cows in
Qena Governorate.
2) Sensitive alternative test for detection for Brucella spp.either following
serology or directly in field samples and comparing the sensitivity and
specificity of the traditional methods and that of PCR.
3) Application of PCR on the field samples as sensitive and specific alternative
test for detection of Bruella.