الفهرس 
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is widely distributed all over the world including Egypt, and nearly one of each 10 person is diabetic. There is an estimated 143 million people worldwide suffering from diabetes, almost five times more than the estimates ten years ago. This number may probably double by the year 2030. Therefore, the human population worldwide appears to be in the midst of an epidemic of diabetes. Reports from the World Health Organization (WHO) indicate that diabetes mellitus is one of the major killers of our time, with people in Southeast Asia and Western Pacific being most at risk. Diabetes is defined as a state in which homeostasis of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism is improperly regulated by insulin. This results primarily in elevated fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels. If this imbalanced homeostasis does not return to normalcy and continues for a protracted period of time, it leads to hyperglycemia that in due course turns into a syndrome called diabetes mellitus. There are two main categories of this disease. Type 1 (T1DM) diabetes mellitus also called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and Type 2 (T2DM), the noninsulindependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the world’s most common chronic diseases as changing lifestyles lead to reduced physical activity and increased obesity. Early phenomenon of T2DM is insulin insensitivity, which not only has negative metabolic consequences but also contributes subsequent pancreas b-cell exhaustion, resulting in the onset of clinical hyperglycemia. Thus, understanding the regulation of the insulin response and identifying the related mechanisms are important 98 to early treatment and prevention of T2DM. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the pathogenesis of T2DM, and during last decades, much attention has been given to the lipid toxicity and lowgrade inflammation as major causes on diabetic complecations. A number of ways to improve diabetic complecations have been proposed, because early treatment and prevention play a pivotal role in reducing the population burden of diabetes. Lifestyle changes such as losing weight, exercising, and watching the diet are often recommended. Benefits of pharmaceutical factors to treat the disease aggressively early have been recommended, but medications may have unwanted side effects. Thus, there has been a growing interest in herbal remedies that can be but have been difficult to maintain over a long term introduced into the general population with the least side effects and the maximal preventive outcome. In this context, many phytochemicals naturally occurring in plant foods would be desirable options. Amongest all of these bioactive compounds flavonoids, phenolic compounds, organosulfur compounds and anthocyanins are represent the central position. Such compounds have been reported to improve diabetic status by decreasing oxidative stress or by reducing the disturbance of hepatic gene expressions. Therefore, the present study aims to open new avenue for extending the using of thhree plant by-products (onion skin, potato peel and pomegranata peel) in therapeutic nutrition throught evaluating the effectiveness of three plant by-products mixed in meat balls in modulating hyperglycemia using alloxane-induced diabetic rat model. The effect of these by-products on liver and kidney functions and the 99 plasma concentration of malonaldialdehyde (MDA), the biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation in liver were also investigated. The obtained results could be summarized as follow: 1. Antioxidant activities and total phenolics in selected plant byproducts − By-product extracts showed considerable differences in antioxidant activity (AA = 87.52- 96.63%) when it wa∞s calculated by the four different methods used in this study (Table 1). Red onion skin powder (ROSP) showed strong activity followed by potato peel (PPP) and pomegranate peel powder (PGP), respectively. The behaviour was observed for their total phenolic content which recorded 9354.14, 1328.70 and 1078.63 mgGAE.100 g-1, respectively. − The decrease in absorbance of β-carotene in the presence of different methanolic plant by-products extracts (and well-known antioxidants used as standards) with the oxidation of β-carotene and linoleic acid indicated that ROSP recorded the lowest decreasing followed by PPP and PGP, respectively. The values of ROSP absorbances throught 120 min are coming well i.e. over the line of 50 mg .L-1 of BHT and very close to 50 mg.L-1 of α- tocopherol and 200 mg.L-1 of BHT . By the same manner, the PPP and PGP are coming over the line of 50 mg.L-1 of BHT. These data proved the high stability of the all tested plant byproducts when comparing with that more comman standards BHT and α-tocopherol. 100 − The total phenolic content of the tested plant by-product powders investigated in this study varied from 1078.63– 9354.14 mgGAE.100 g-1 of dry product. All tested by-products showed a positive and highly significant (r2 ranged 0.947- 0.982, p< 0.001) relationship between total phenolics and antioxidant activity. This indicates that phenolics can play a major role in the antioxidant activity of tested plant by products. 2. The effect of plant parts applied in beef meatballs on serum glucose concentration of alloxane-induced diabetic rats Treatment of animals with aloxane caused a significant increased (p≤0.05) in serum glucose concentration (41.49%) compared to normal controls. Supplementation of the rat diets with meatballs (20%) decreased the rise of mean serum glucose by the ratio 9.64%. The rate of decreasing was increased with the supplementation of the meatballs with 0.25% w/w/ by PGPP, ROSP, PPP and their mixture by 23, 28.6, 26.25 and 35.55%, respectively. The mixture treatment gave maximum hypoglycemic yield when compared with the tested plant parts separated. It could be mean that a combination of different plant parts may be more efficient for reducing the serum glucose level because the interactive effects occurred by different catagories of bioactive compounds of plant parts used. 3. The effect of plant parts applied in beef meatballs on malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in liver tissue of alloxane-induced diabetic rats 101 Treatment of animals with aloxane caused a significant increased (p≤0.05) in liver tissue MDA concentration (18.83%) compared to normal controls. Supplementation of the rat diets with meatballs (20%) decreased the rise of liver tissue MDA by the ratio of 3.18%. Compared with diabetic control, MDA formation was suppressed by supplementation of the meatballs with 0.25% w/w/ by PGPP, ROSP, PPP and their mixture by 8.56, 10.02, 9.54 and 11.84%, respectively. The rate of suppression was increased with the The mixture treatment gave maximum reduction yield of liver tissue MDA when compared with the tested plant parts separated. It could be mean that a combination of different plant parts may be more efficient for reducing liver tissue MDA level, the biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation in liver, because the interactive effects occurred by different catagories of bioactive compounds of plant parts used. 4. The effect of plant parts applied in beef meatballs on liver functions of alloxane-induced diabetic rats Treatment of animals with aloxane caused a significant increased (p≤0.05) in AST, ALT and AP (19.67, 17.46 and 24.24%) compared to normal controls. Supplementation of the rat diets with meatballs (20%) decreased the rise of serum AST, ALT and AP by the ratio of 5.16; 6.59 and 7.52%, respectively. Compared with diabetic control, AST, ALT and AP were suppressed by supplementation of the meatballs with 0.25% w/w/ by PGPP, ROSP, PPP and their mixture by 13.32, 16.29, 15.40 and 17.75; 10.11, 12.33, 12.29 and 13.68; and 15.62, 18.18, 16.33 and 20.32%, respectively. The rate of suppression was increased with the the mixture treatment gave maximum reduction yield of liver functions enzymes activities when compared with the tested plant parts separated. It could be mean that a combination of different plant parts may be more efficient for reducing serum level of AST, ALT and AP, the biomarkers of liver functions stress, because the interactive effects occurred by different catagories of bioactive compounds of plant parts used. 5. The effect of plant parts applied in beef meatballs on kidneyfunctions of alloxane-induced diabetic rats Treatment of animals with aloxane caused a significant increased (p≤0.05) in serum urea concentration (9.53 and 8.77%) compared to normal controls. Supplementation of the rat diets with meatballs (20%) decreased the rise of serum urea and creatinine by the ratio of 2.91and 1.75%, respectively. Compared with diabetic control, urea and creatinine were suppressed by supplementation of the meatballs with 0.25% w/w/ by PGPP, ROSP, PPP and their mixture by 7.04, 7.62, 5.64 and 8.79; and 3.51, 5.26, 3.51 and 7.02%, respectively. The rate of suppression was increased with the the mixture treatment gave maximum reduction yield of kidney functions enzymes activities when compared with the tested plant parts separated. It could be mean that a combination of different plant parts may be more efficient for reducing serum level of urea and creatine, the biomarkers of kidney functions stress, because the interactive effects occurred by different catagories of bioactive compounds of plant parts used.