الفهرس 
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Abstract
Quails are beauty birds like pigeons having great attention nowadays toward breeding and farming for economic purposes. In addition, quails represent a source of animal protein of low price aiding in supplementation of human with an essential element of normal health. As other avian species, quails could be affected by infectious diseases as pigeon paramyxo virus infection which represents a great problem facing pigeon populations. So, the present work was directed to study the susceptibility of quail to infection with pigeon paramyxovirus type-1 (PPMV-1) and their possible role for hazard spread of infection to pigeons as well as evaluation of quail immune response to the inactivated pigeon paramyxo vaccine.
The obtained results revealed that:
1- Quail showed high resistance to infection with PPMV-1 showing mild clinical signs started by the 10th day post infection detected in 4 out of 20 quailsand represented by green diarrhea, dullness, ruffled feather and weakness. No nervous signs were recorded. Recovery occurred to most (19 out of 20) of quails after 3 weeks post infection and 1 was died. In contact pigeons (5 out of 20 pigeons) showing classical signs of PPMV-1 signs represented by greenish diarrhea; weakness and nervous signs in the form of torticollis and paralysis of the wings and legs. Deaths of 4 affected pigeons were recorded by the 20 day post starting of the clinical signs.
2- Monitoring of morbidity and mortality rates among experimentally infected quails and in contact affected pigeons revealed that the morbidity and mortality rates were20% and 5% respectively in quails and 25 % and 20% among in contact pigeons.
3- The observed lesion in dead affected quails were detected in the lungs, spleen, proventriculus and intestine of diseased dead infected quails .The vent of such quails were solid with greenish feces. The trachea was hemorrhagic with edematous and congested lungs. Also hemorrhagic Payers patches were observed with hemorrhagic lesions and congested intestine in all dead birds. PM lesions in pigeons which kept in contact with infected quails with PPMV- 1 showed congestion of internal organs (lung, heart and brain).
4- PPMV-1 was able to be recovered from liver, spleen and kidneys of dead birds through the inoculation into allantoic cavity of embryonated chicken eggs and Vero cell culture for 3 successive passages.
5- Using HA test; it was noticed that the recovered virus had a low titer by the 1stpassage in ECE (2log2/ml) then increased to reach 5log2/ml by the 3rd passage. On the other side, the cell culture passage virus showed similar behavior with a titer of log10TCID50/ml and 4log10TCID50/ml by the 1st and 3rd passage respectively.
6- Survived quails exhibited detectable HI antibody titer by the 1st week post infection (2log2/ml) and 5log2/ml by the 3rd week. Serum neutralization test revealed that such quails had neutralizing antibody titer of 4 and 16 on the 2nd and 3rd week post infection respectively. Parallel to these findings, in contact survived pigeons exhibited HI antibody titers of 3log2/ml and 5log2/ml and serum neutralizing antibody titers 8 and 32 on the 1st and 3rd week post exposure respectively.
7- Vaccination of quails with the inactivated PPMV-1 vaccine resulted in good immune response of such birds with high antibody levels up to 10 weeks post vaccination (the experimental period) although such levels were found to be lower than those induced by the same vaccine in pigeons.