الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Nanotechnology, an interdisciplinary research field involving chemistry, engineering, biology, and medicine, has great potential for early detection, accurate diagnosis, and treatment of cancer.
A nanoparticle is the most fundamental component in the fabrication of a nanostructure, and is far smaller than the world of everyday objects that are described by Newton ’ s laws of motion, but bigger than an atom or a simple molecule that are governed by quantum mechanics
The size of a nanoparticle spans the range between 1 and 100 nm. Metallic nanoparticles have different physical and chemical properties from bulk metals (e.g., lower melting points, higher specific surface areas, specific optical properties, mechanical strengths, and specific magnetizations).
The aim of this study is to develop theoretical and numerical tools to model interactions of x-rays with different nanoparticles (GNPs, Iron Oxide, Cobalt, Titanium and Nickel NPs) and to investigate the x-ray response of nanoparticles contrast agents for the purpose of enhancing imaging quality using an artificial phantoms and to stimulate the effect of electromagnetic waves (X-rays) on these nanoparticles during image diagnosis and cancer treatment.
The basic principle of the study was to prepare the nanoparticles (GNPs, Fe3O4, Cobalt, Titanium and nickel nanoparticles) with different concentrations (0.1, 0.05, 0.025, 0.0125, 0.00625 and 0.003125 mg/ml) and to construct the phantoms,
Phantom 1 which is made up of a Plexiglas rectangle with dimensions 14 X 18 cm and 1cm height. Different cylindrical wells had been made in this phantom with dimensions 1 cm height and 1 cm radius. (5 - 6 holes for each nanomaterial),
Phantom 2: a plastic tubes with length 30 cm and diameter 3mm where filled with blood an then injected with gold and iron oxide nanoparticles during imaging using CT and conventional x-ray.
Phantom3: 1ml of the different nanoparticles used (Gold, Fe3O4, Cobalt, Nickel and Titanium NPs) with different concentrations was mixed with 1ml of human blood and injected in aplastic test tube with 1cm diameter and 5cm height.
Phantom4: 1ml of nickel and titanium nanoparticles with different concentrations was mixed with 1ml gel material in a plastic test tube with 1cm diameter and 5cm height, which is suitable for different radiological imaging modalities (X-ray, CT, MRI and US) these nanoparticles was imaged and the image hounsfield unit (HU) was measured in Hounsfield unit, using (x-ray line work station & Millensys Dicom Viewer) programs also computer stimulating of the role of gold nanoparticles on destroying the cancer cells.
Phantom5: it had been made up of a plastic container which is filled with 350 ml of gel material and the test tube which containing the nanoparticles were placed at the bottom of this container then imaged using linear ultrasound probe with power 7.5 MHZ in Longitudinal and transverse positions.
CST simulation program were used to simulate the distribution of nanoparticles on the constructed phantom, electric field measurements were presented of metal gold nanoparticle at five different concentrations simulate binding of nanoparticles on cancer cells and the effect of electromagnetic complete destruction of the these cells by increasing the cancer cell temperature.
Pre Filling and Filling of Nanoparticles Protocol
7. Preparation of the contrast agent (nanomaterial’s & conventional contrast agent.
8. Preparation of the phantom.
9. Fill the phantom with the contrast agent with different concentrations.
10. The phantom will be imaged under full scatter conditions in conventional x-ray, CT, MRI and ultrasound.
11. Evaluation of x-ray images, CT, MRI and ultrasound.
12. Create a full model using CST MICROWAVE STUDIO® (CST STUDIO) program to calculate the electric field distribution, effect of electromagnetic waves on nanomaterial’s.
from our study we conclude that
Our study proved that the nanoparticle’s used had a very high effect on radiological image diagnosis and cancer treatment and this was monitored radiologicaly using different radiological equipment X-ray, CT,MRI and US and theoretically using the CST simulation program.
The HU measurement of CT images for Gold, iron oxide and cobalt nanoparticles diluted in water and blood in phantom one, two and three improved that the GNPs has a higher attenuation (HU) value than Fe3O4 and Co NPs and Fe3O4 is higher than Co NPs the HU measurement decreases with decreasing the NP concentration.
The HU measurement of CT images for Nickel and titanium nanoparticles diluted in blood in phantom three improved that the titanium NPs has a higher attenuation (HU) value than Nickel NPs.
The measured HU with different concentration of Gold, iron oxide nanoparticles and ultravest contrast media in (AP) x-ray images using 46 Kv and 5 mAs showed that the HU measurement increases with increasing the concentration and proved that the GNPs and iron oxide NPs has higher attenuation than conventional iodinated contrast media (ultravest), while Cobalt NPs has lower attenuation than ultravest
The measured MRI signal intensity for gold, iron oxide and cobalt nanoparticles with different concentration improved that GNPs has higher signal intensity than Co NPs and Fe3O4 and Co NPs is higher than Fe3O4 also the measurement decreases with decreasing the NP concentration.
The signal intensity measurement of MRI images for Nickel and titanium nanoparticles mixed with gel in phantom four proved that the Nickel NPs has a higher value than titanium NPs.
Ultrasound images results from the test tube containing the GNPs proved that there is a different in echogenicity between different concentrations of the nanoparticles but it was not significant seen by the true eye in the transverse images (which appears as a hyper echoic circular object) but little significant in the longitudinal images (which appears as a longitudinal tube with different echogenicity)and shows that the degree of echogenicity decreases with decreasing concentration of the nanoparticles.
Ultrasound images results from the test tube containing the Fe3O4 nanoparticles proved that there is a significant difference seen by the true eye in the transverse and longitudinal images and shows that the degree of echogenicity decreases with decreasing concentration of the nanoparticles.
Computational study of the EF intensity distribution around nanoparticles in phantom I: The Electric field measurements were presented of metal gold nanoparticle at five different concentrations prove that the contrast agent GNPs can be used for the noninvasive, in vivo detection of X-ray diagnoses with high resolution and specificity , since the electric field intensity has a greater value on gap distance between GNPs and on its edges the result show that the electric field intensity at the midpoint between neighboring GNPs decreases gradually due to increases of the gap distances between them due to the decreases of the concentration, Although the EF intensity at the midpoint decreases by the decreasing of the concentration , the EF intensity average of (midpoint , outer edges of GNPs 1, inner edges of GNPs 1, outer edges of GNPs 2,and inner edges of GNPs 2 ) fluctuated but have approximately constant value ≈ 1 V/m.
Computational Study of EF distribution around nanoparticles in phantom II: The description of 2D of the Electric field (EF) intensity distribution for GNPs for different concentrations is applicable for the near-field region, in which the quasi-static approximation is valid. However, when the inter-particle distance is increased to the order of the wavelength, diffractive contributions start playing an important role. Zou et al. (130) studied a one-dimensional array of nanoparticles, of various sizes with various spacings. They found that the scattered light showed the features of the individual dipoles, as well as diffractive features of the entire array.
Computational study of the attachment of NPs on cancer cell: The GNPs are injected through the blood circulatory system which delivered them to the site of the targeting cancer, and since GNP is smaller than the red blood cell its own the unique ability of passing through tissue molecules and would only seek out cancer cells, leaving healthy cells and tissue untouched, then it will attach to the surface membrane of the cancer cell.
Using the bioheat equation
The cancer targeted agent, GNP can be used for the noninvasive, in vivo detection of cancerous cells with high resolution and specificity. In the future, this agent may be improved by development of small peptide-based ligands and through the possible attachment to nanoparticles for delivery of imaging contrast and therapy. Also it could be used for hyperthermia cancer treatment.