الفهرس 
AnatomyOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The primary aim of antepartum fetal surveillance is timely recognition of fetal compromise to enable appropriate intervention and to prevent further serious complications. If the fetus would otherwise die in utero, delivery might save its life. Abnormal Doppler parameters appears to affect the decision of mode of delivery and if the fetus can tolerate stress of labour or not. Because of low specificity, a single abnormal MCA Doppler US result is not useful for timing delivery, so combination with umilical artery Doppler parameters increase the sensitivity and specificity significantly. Abnormal aortic artery and renal artery Doppler parameters are valuable with MCA and UA but cannot be used separately to evaluate fetal compromise or exclude it. In fetuses suspected to have IUGR, while an abnormal MCA pulsatility index is a better predictor of adverse perinatal outcome than an abnormal UA or RA pulsatility index, a normal UA pulsatility index may be useful in identifying those fetuses not likely to have a major adverse perinatal outcome, especially before 32 weeks gestational age. Outcomes of SGA fetuses with a normal PI in comparison with outcomes of those with an abnormal value and concluded that SGA fetuses with a normal MCA PI are at a lower risk for adverse outcomes than those with an abnormal PI. Depending on other clinical factors, reduced, absent, or reversed umbilical artery end-diastolic flow is an indication for enhanced fetal surveillance or delivery. If delivery is delayed to enhance fetal lung maturity with maternal administration of glucocorticoid, intensive fetal surveillance until delivery is suggested for those fetuses with reversed end-diastolic flow Around the primitive mouth, 5 processes develop:
1- One frontonasal process which projects down from the cranium. Two olfactory
pits develop in it and rupture into the pharynx to form the nostrils. Definitively,
this process forms the nose, the nasal septum, nostril, the philtrum of the upper
lip and the premaxilla - the V-shaped anterior portion of the upper jaw which
usually bears the four incisor teeth.
2- Two maxillary processes on each side, which fuse with the frontonasal process
and become the cheeks, upper lip (except the philtrum), upper jaw and palate
(apart from the premaxilla).
3- Two mandibular processes which meet in the midline to form the lower jawThe following anomalies are associated with defects of fusion of facial processes:
1-Macrostoma and microstoma are conditions where either too small or too large
closure of the stomodaeum occurs.
2-Cleft upper lip which may be:
Median cleft lip this is only very rarely likes the upper lip of a hare,
although this may occur as a failure of development of the philtrum from the
frontonasal process.
Lateral cleft lip which is more common, it may be unilateral or bilateral,
complete or incomplete, occurring as failure of fusion of the maxillary and
frontonasal processes. It may be associated with cleft palate.
3-Cleft lower lip occurs very rarely but may be associated with a cleft tongue andcleft mandible.
4-Cleft palate is a failure of fusion of lateral shelves of maxillary processes. The
following stages may occur:
(a) Bifid uvula.
(b) Incomplete cleft palate, which may involve the soft palate only or associated
with the posterior part of the hard palate also.
(c) Complete cleft palate, which may be unilateral, or bilateral (Harold Ellis,
2006).