الفهرس 
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Abstract
Intravenous cannulation in pediatrics is one of the most commonly performed procedures in this age
group.
Central venous lines in pediatrics remains the most suitable for
long term management, however it can be accompanied by serious complications.
Infection, throbosis and even injury of nearby arteries represent some of these serious
complications.
Alternatives to central venous lines include the peripherally inserted central venous catheters
(PICC) which are associated with much less compliations than conventional central venous lines.
The use of ultrasound in both peripheral and central venous cannulation attributed greatly to
increasing the likelihood of successful cannulation and reduction of associated
complications.
This procedure can be very challenging especially in small, dehydrated or obese children.
This has led to adoption of variable techniques and aids to facilitatethe visualization of the
veins that are invisible to the naked eye.
Transillumination is one of these techniques. It is simple and can be used especially in neonates.
Other advanced techniques include the use of near infrared light to visualize peripheral veins.
However, when peripheral venous cannulation is difficult, time consuming or not sufficient for
certain critical conditions, other routes for venous access are available.
This includes the intraosseous route which can be obtained much faster than central or
peripheral lines but limited to short term management .
The venous cutdown also offers a reliable alternative to central venous lines.
Also Umbilical vein catheterization may be a life-saving procedure in neonates who require vascular
access and resuscitation.
Intravenous cannulation in pediatrics is one of the most commonly performed procedures in this age
group.
This procedure can be very challenging especially in small, dehydrated or obese children.
This has led to adoption of variable techniques and aids to facilitatethe visualization of the
veins that are invisible to the naked eye.
Transillumination is one of these techniques. It is simple and can be used especially in neonates.
Other advanced techniques include the use of near infrared light to visualize peripheral veins.
However, when peripheral venous cannulation is difficult, time consuming or not sufficient for
certain critical conditions, other routes for venous access are available.
This includes the intraosseous route which can be obtained much faster than central or
peripheral lines but limited to short term management .
The venous cutdown also offers a reliable alternative to central venous lines.
Also Umbilical vein catheterization may be a life-saving procedure in neonates who require vascular
access and resuscitation.