الفهرس 
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Abstract
This investigation was undertaken at the Experimental Farm
of the Faculty of Agriculture Menoufia University during two successive seasons of 2010 and 2011 for studying the effect of some
cultural treatments such as irrigation with magnetic water and bioand
urea fertilization levels, individually or in combinations on the
vegetative growth parameters, essential oil content and some
chemical constituents of Cymbopogon citratus Stapf. plants.
The obtained results could be summarized as follows:
1. Vegetative growth:
1.1. Irrigation Cymbopogon citratus Stapf. plants with
magnetically treated water resulted in significant improvement in all
vegetative growth parameters in comparison with those irrigated
with ordinary water (non magnetized) in the three cuts of the two
growing seasons. Plant height and number of tillers / plant of the
irrigated plants with magnetized water were increased over the
control plants (non magnetized water) by 162.3 and 138.1% in the
second cut of the first season, meanwhile in the second one the
increments in this respect were 115.1 and 136.1% for the measured
parameters, respectively.
In addition the obtained results of both fresh and dry weight /
plant were significantly increased as a result of watering lemongrass
plants with magnetized water (M1) in comparison with those
irrigation with non magnetized water (M0) in the three cuts of the
two experimental seasons. The obtained fresh weight / plant was
371.4 and 1151.5 g/plant in the second cut of the first season,
whereas in the second one it was 746.9 and 1103.3 g/plant for the
treatments of irrigation with non-magnetized (M0) and magnetized
water (M1), respectively.
The dry weight of herb / plant followed the same trend of the
fresh weight of herb / plant. The obtained dry weight of herb / plant
was 130.5 and 367.2 g/plant in the second cut of the first season,
whereas in the second one it was 166.3 and 223.0 g/plant for the
treatments of M0 and M1, respectively.
1.2. The application of the different kinds of bio fertilizers
such as Rhizobacterein (B1) and Biogene (B2) on Cymbopogon
citratus Stapf. plants resulted in taller plants, more number of tillers/
plant and consequently heavier fresh and dry weights / plant in
comparison with the control without bio fertilization addition in the
three cuts of the two experimental seasons.
The highest recorded values in this respect were obtained by
Biogene (B2) application in both growing seasons.
1.3. The application of different urea fertilization (46% N)
doses 100 (N1), 200 (N2) and 300 (N3) resulted in significant
increases in plant height, number of tillers/plant, fresh and dry
weight of herb / plant of lemongrass plants in comparison with the
control without urea addition in the three cuts of the two growing
seasons. The best results in this concern were obtained by using the
high level of urea fertilization (300 kg/fed) in the two growing
seasons.
1.4. The obtained results indicated that, plant height, mean
number of tillers / plant, fresh and dry weight of herb / plant were
significantly improved as a result of watering Cymbopogon citratus
Stapf. plants grown under different kinds of bio fertilization with
magnetized water in the three cuts of the two experimental seasons.
The best results in this respect were obtained by the treatment of
Biogene (B2) and irrigation with magnetized water (M1). On the
other hand, the lowest obtained values in this concern were obtained
by the interaction treatment of control without bio fertilization
addition and irrigation with ordinary water (M0) in both growing
seasons. For example the plant height ranged between 84.9 and
154.7 cm in the second cut of the first season, whereas in the second
one it was between 103.1 and 135.5 cm as well as the mean number
of tillers / plant ranged between 35.2 and 66.4 in the second cut of
the first season, meanwhile in the second one it was between 41.0
and 91.9 for the treatments of B0 + M0 and B2 + M1, respectively.
The obtained fresh and dry weight of herb / plant followed the
previously stated trend as the heaviest fresh and dry weight / plant
was obtained by the interaction treatment between irrigation with
magnetized water (M1) and using bio fertilization (Biogene).
Meanwhile, the lowest values in this concern were obtained by the
treatment of the control without bio fertilization and irrigation with
non-magnetized water (M0) in both growing seasons. For example,
the fresh weight / plant was between 288.5 and 1266.4 g/plant in the
second cut of the first season, whereas in the second one it was
between 619.2 and 1103.3 g/plant. Furthermore, the dry weight of
herb / plant ranged between 96.5 and 411.4 g/plant in the second cut
of the first season, meanwhile in the second one it was between
135.5 and 276.5 g/plant for the treatments of B0 + M0 and that of B2
+ M1, respectively.
1.5. The obtained results indicated that, the plant height, mean
number of tillers / plant, fresh and dry weight of herb / plant were
significantly improved as a result of watering Cymbopogon citratus
Stapf. plants grown under the different levels of urea fertilization
with magnetized water in the three cuts of the two experimental
seasons. The best results in this respect were obtained by the
treatment of high level of urea (N3) and irrigation with magnetized
water (M1). On the other hand, the lowest obtained values in this
concern were obtained by the interaction treatment of control
without urea fertilization addition and irrigation with ordinary water
(M0) in both growing seasons. For example the plant height ranged
between 88.2 and 165.0 cm in the second cut of the first season,
whereas in the second one it was between 100.1 and 135.5 cm as
well as the mean number of tillers/plant ranged between 35.2 and
75.3 in the second cut of the first season, meanwhile in the second
one it was between 31.1 and 84.0 for the treatments of N0 + M0 and
N3 + M1, respectively.
The obtained fresh and dry weight of herb / plant followed the
previously stated trend as the heaviest fresh and dry weight / plant
was obtained by the interaction treatment between irrigation with
magnetized water (M1) and using the highest level of urea
fertilization (N3). Meanwhile, the lowest values in this concern were
obtained by the treatment of the control without urea fertilization
and irrigation with non-magnetized water (M0) in both growing
seasons. For example, the fresh weight / plant was between 247.2
and 1371.4 g/plant in the second cut of the first season, whereas in
the second one it was between 459.8 and 1171.1 g/plant.
Furthermore, the dry weight of herb / plant ranged between 70.5 and
435.4 g/plant in the second cut of the first season, meanwhile in the
second one it was between 116.6 and 271.9 g/plant for the treatments
of N0 + M0 and that of N3 + M1, respectively.
1.6. The combinations treatments between bio- and the
different levels of urea fertilization resulted in taller Cymbopogon
citratus Stapf. plants with more tillers / plant and heavier fresh and
dry weights / plant in comparison with the control treatment without
bio- or urea fertilization in the two experimental seasons. The best
results in this respect were obtained by the interaction treatment of
using Biogene + 300 kg/fed urea in the two growing seasons. For
example, the plant height ranged between 100.5 and 133.2 cm in the
second cut of the first season, meanwhile in the second one it was
between 100.1 and 140.6 cm as well as the mean number of tillers
ranged between 31.4 and 68.2 in the second cut of the first season,
whereas in the second one it was between 33.5 and 87.7 for the
treatments B0 + N0 and that of B2 + N3, respectively.
The obtained fresh and dry weight of herb / plant followed the
previously stated trend as the heaviest fresh and dry weight / plant
was obtained by the interaction treatment between bio fertilization
Biogene and using the highest level of urea fertilization (N3).
Meanwhile, the lowest values in this concern were obtained by the
treatment of the control without bio or urea fertilization in both
growing seasons. For example, the fresh weight / plant ranged
between 506.4 and 1095.0 g/plant in the second cut of the first
season, whereas in the second one it was between 387.8 and 1241.2
g/plant. Furthermore, the dry weight of herb / plant ranged between
153.7 and 374.0 g/plant in the second cut of the first season,
meanwhile in the second one it was between 115.0 and 312.8 g/plant
for the treatments of B0 + N0 and that of B2 + N3, respectively.
1.7. The obtained results indicated that, plant height, mean
number of tillers / plant, fresh and dry weight of herb / plant were
significantly improved as a result of irrigating Cymbopogon citratus
Stapf. plants with magnetized water with the addition of bio and urea
fertilization when compared with control plants irrigated with nonmagnetized
water and received neither bio nor urea fertilization in
the three cuts in both growing seasons. The best results in this
respect were obtained when the plants were irrigated with
magnetized water and received the bio fertilizer (Biogene) plus the
highest urea fertilization level (300 kg/fed) in each growing seasons.
On the other hand, the shortest plants were produced by the control
plants which were irrigated with ordinary water without addition of
bio- or urea fertilization in the three cuts of the two growing seasons.
For example, the plant height in the second cut ranged between 75.9
and 171.0 cm in the first season, whereas in the second one it was
between 85.5 and 146.7 cm, as well as the mean number of tillers /
plant ranged between 30.0 and 84.9 in the second cut of the first
season, meanwhile in the second one it was between 26.3 and 133.7
for the treatments of M0 + B0 + N0 and that of M1 + B2 + N3,
respectively.
The obtained fresh and dry weight of herb / plant followed the
previously stated trend for example, the fresh weight / plant ranged
between 177.5 and 1586.1 g/plant in the second cut of the first
season, meanwhile in the second one it was between 300.5 and
1441.2 g/plant. Furthermore, the dry weight of herb / plant ranged
between 53.2 and 542.7 g/plant in the second cut of the first season,
meanwhile in the second one it was between 100.0 and 420.1 g/
plant for the treatments of M0 + B0 + N0 and that of M1 + B2 + N3,
respectively.
2. Chemical constituents:
2.1. Essential oil:
2.1.1. The measured essential oil percentage in the leaves of
Cymbopogon citratus Stapf. plants, essential oil yield / plant as well
as essential oil / fed were improved as a result of irrigation with
magnetically treated water in comparison with that of irrigation with
ordinary water in the three cuts of the two experimental seasons.
The essential oil percentage was 0.38 and 0.42% in the second
cut of the first season, whereas in the second one it was 0.71 and
0.81%. In addition, the production of the essential oil yield / plant
was 1.50 and 5.05 ml/plant in the second cut of the first season,
meanwhile, in the second one it was 5.53 and 7.72 ml/plant for the
treatments of M0 and M1, respectively. Furthermore, the essential oil
yield/fed was 6.3 and 21.2 L/fed in the second cut of the first season,
whereas in the second one it was 23.2 and 32.4 L/fed for the
treatments of M0 and M1, respectively.
2.1.2. The measured essential oil percentage in the produced
leaves of Cymbopogon citratus Stapf. plants as well as essential oil
yield/ plant and consequently per feddan were increased by the
addition of the different bio fertilizers to the soil in comparison with
the control without bio fertilization in the three cuts of the two
growing seasons. The treatment of Biogene (B2) resulted in the
highest essential oil yield/fed as it produced 18.1 and 36.4 L/fed in
the second cut of the first and the second seasons, respectively.
2.1.3. Essential oil percentage as well as essential oil yield /
plant and per feddan were markedly improved as a result of using
the different urea fertilization levels when compared with the control
(N0) in the three cuts in both experimental seasons. The best results
in this concern were obtained by using the high level of urea
fertilization in both experimental seasons. The produced essential oil
yield per fed was 8.1, 11.8, 15.5 and 19.6 L/fed in the second cut
of the first season, whereas in the second one it was 15.2, 24.4,
33.1 and 38.7 L/fed for the treatments of N0, N1, N2 and N3,
respectively.
2.1.4. Regarding the obtained results of essential oil percentage
in lemongrass leaves and the produced essential oil yield / plant and
per fed it could be noticed that watering the plants grown under the
different kinds of bio fertilization with magnetized water induced an
improvement in this respect when compared with those irrigated
with non-magnetized water in the three cuts of both growing
seasons. The best results in this respect were obtained by the
interaction treatment of B2 + M1, whereas the lowest values in this
concern was found in the case of growing the plants without addition
of bio fertilization (B0) and irrigation with non- magnetized water
(M0) in the two experimental seasons. For example, the essential oil
percentage in the leaves ranged between 0.29 and 0.51% in the
second cut of the first season, meanwhile in the second one it was
ranged between 0.60 and 0.89%. In addition the essential oil yield /
plant ranged between 0.9 and 6.6 ml/plant in the second cut of the
first season, whereas in the second one it was ranged between 3.89
and 10.1 ml/plant for the treatments of B0 + M0 and that of B2 + M1,
respectively.
Furthermore, the essential oil yield/fed ranged between 3.8 and
27.5 L/fed in the second cut of the first season, meanwhile in the
second one it was ranged between 16.3 and 42.4 L/fed, respectively
2.1.5. Regarding the obtained results of essential oil percentage
in lemongrass leaves and the produced essential oil yield / plant and
per fed it could be noticed that watering the plants grown under the
different levels of urea fertilization with magnetized water induced
an improvement in this respect when compared with those irrigated
with non-magnetized water in the three cuts of both growing
seasons. The best results in this respect were obtained by the
interaction treatment of N3 + M1, whereas the lowest values in this
concern was found in the case of growing the plants without urea
fertilization addition (N0) and irrigation with non-magnetized water
(M0) in the two experimental seasons. For example, the essential oil
percentage in the leaves ranged between 0.27 and 0.51% in the
second cut of the first season, meanwhile in the second one it was
ranged between 0.59 and 0.91%. In addition the essential oil yield /
plant ranged between 0.72 and 7.03 ml/plant in the second cut of the
first season, whereas in the second one it was ranged between 3.0
and 10.8 ml/plant for the treatments of B0 + M0 and that of B2 + M1,
respectively.
Furthermore, the essential oil yield/fed ranged between 3.01
and 29.5 L/fed in the second cut of the first season, meanwhile in the
second one it was ranged between 12.6 and 45.4 L/fed, respectively.
2.1.6. The highest essential oil percentage in the leaves of
lemongrass plants as well as essential oil yield / plant and
consequently per feddan were found in the case of using Biogene
(B2) + the high rate of urea fertilization (N3) if compared with the
other interaction treatments and the control (B0 + N0), which gave
the lowest values in this respect in the three cuts of the two
experimental seasons.
The essential oil percentage in lemongrass leaves ranged
between 0.20 and 0.56% in the second cut of the first season and in
the second one it was between 0.56 and 0.95%, whereas the
produced essential oil yield / fed was between 5.0 and 26.6 L/fed in
the second cut of the first season, meanwhile in the second one it
was between 9.1 and 50.0 L/fed for the treatments of B0 + N0 and
that of B2 + N3, respectively.
2.1.7. The obtained results indicated that, the essential oil
percentage as well as essential oil yield / plant and consequently per
feddan were improved as a result of irrigating Cymbopogon citratus
Stapf. plants with magnetized water and the addition of bio and urea
fertilization when compared with control plants irrigated with nonmagnetized
water and received neither bio nor urea fertilization in
the three cuts in both growing seasons. The best results in this
respect were obtained when the plants were irrigated with
magnetized water and received the bio fertilizer (Biogene) plus the
highest urea fertilization level (300 kg/fed) in each growing seasons.
On the other hand, the lowest values were produced by the control
plants which were irrigated with ordinary water without addition of
bio- or urea fertilization in the three cuts of the two growing seasons.
For example, the essential oil percentage in the second cut ranged
between 0.15 and 0.60% in the first season, whereas in the second
one it was between 0.50 and 1.0%, as well as the essential oil yield /
plant ranged between 0.27 and 9.5 ml/plant in the second cut of the
first season, meanwhile in the second one it was between 1.5 and
14.4 ml/plant for the treatments of M0 + B0 + N0 and that of
M1 + B2 + N3, respectively.
The obtained essential oil yield/fed followed the previously
stated trend for example, the essential oil yield/fed ranged between
1.13 and 39.9 L/fed in the second cut of the first season, meanwhile
in the second one it was between 6.3 and 60.5 L/fed for the
treatments of M0 + B0 + N0 and that of M1 + B2 + N3, respectively.
2.2. Mineral content of herb:
2.2.1. The obtained results showed that N, P and K percentages
in the dried herb were considerably improved as a result of watering
lemongrass plants with magnetized water in comparison with those
irrigated with non-magnetized water in the three cuts of the two
growing seasons. For example, the measured concentrations of N, P
and K in the dried herb were 0.89 and 1.01% in the case of nitrogen
in the second cut of the first season, whereas in the second one they
were 0.83 and 1.61%. Otherwise, phosphorus percentages were 0.47
and 0.60% in the second cut of the first season, meanwhile in
second one they were 0.59 and 0.78% and for potassium the
obtained values were 2.1 and 2.9% in the second cut of the first
season, whereas in the second one they were 2.6 and 2.92% for the
treatments of ordinary water (M0) and that of magnetically treated
water (M1), respectively.
2.2.2. Regarding the data of N, P and K percentages in the
dried herb of Cymbopogon citratus Stapf. plants it could be noticed
that using the different kinds of bio fertilizers caused increase in this
respect than the control without bio fertilization in the three cuts of
both growing seasons.
The highest N, P and K% were found in the obtained dried
herb by the application of Biogene fertilizers 1.14, 0.67 and 3.03%
in the second cut of the first season, whereas in the second one, the
obtained values in this respect were 1.45, 0.65 and 2.95% for
nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, respectively.
2.2.3. The obtained results showed that N, P and K% in the
dried herb of Cymbopogon citratus Stapf. plants was considerably
improved as a result of using the different urea fertilization levels
compared with the control (N0) in the three cuts of both growing
seasons.
The highest total nitrogen percentage in the dried herb was
obtained by the treatment of highest urea fertilization dose (300
kg/fed ) as it reached 1.28% in the second cut of the first season and
1.45% in the second one, respectively. Whereas, P% reached its
maximum values (0.68 and 0.60%) in the second cut of the first and
the second seasons for the treatment of N3, respectively. In addition,
the treatment of N3 resulted in the highest K% in lemongrass herb
which was 3.6 and 3.06% in the second cut of the first and the
second growing seasons, respectively.
2.2.4. The measured N, P and K percentages in the dried herb
of lemongrass plants were augments by irrigation with magnetized
water in comparison with those irrigated with ordinary water (M0)
under the effect of the different kinds of bio fertilization in the three
cuts of both growing seasons. The best results in this concern were
obtained by the treatment of B2 + M1 in the three cuts of the two
experimental seasons. For example, the total N% in the dried herb
was between 0.88 and 1.88% in the second cut of the first season,
whereas in the second one it was between 0.74 and 1.97%,
meanwhile in the case of P% it ranged between 0.36 and 0.70% in
the second cut of the first season, whereas in the second one it was
ranged between 0.25 and 0.68%, otherwise K% fluctuated between
2.01 and 3.75% in the second cut of the first season, meanwhile in
the second one it was between 2.28 and 3.2% for the treatments of B0
+ M0 and that of B2 + M1, respectively.
2.2.5. The measured N, P and K percentages in the dried herb
of lemongrass plants were augments by irrigation with magnetized
water in comparison with those irrigated with ordinary water (M0)
under the effect of the different levels of urea fertilization in the
three cuts of both growing seasons. The best results in this concern
were obtained by the treatment of N3 + M1 in the three cuts of the
two experimental seasons. For example, the total N% in the dried
herb was between 0.74 and 1.87% in the second cut of the first
season, whereas in the second one it was between 0.79 and 1.77%,
meanwhile in the case of P% it ranged between 0.24 and 0.72% in
the second cut of the first season, whereas in the second one it was
ranged between 0.20 and 0.62%, otherwise K% fluctuated between
1.99 and 3.79% in the second cut of the first season, meanwhile in
the second one it was between 2.06 and 3.3% for the treatments of N0
+ M0 and that of N3 + M1, respectively.
2.2.6. The measured N, P and K percentages in the dried herb of
lemongrass plants were increased under the effect of interaction
treatments between the two kinds of bio fertilizers (B1 and B2) and the
different urea fertilization doses (N0, N1, N2 and N3) when compared
with the control treatment (B0 + N0), which gave the lowest values in
this respect in the three cuts of the two growing seasons.
The highest total N% (1.91 and 1.79% in the second cut of the
first and the second seasons) were obtained by the treatments of
Biogene (B2) + the highest urea dose (N3), respectively. Meanwhile,
the highest phosphorus percentages were 0.77% in the second cut of
the first season and 0.75% in the second one for the interaction
treatments of Biogene (B2) + the high level of urea (N3). Otherwise,
the highest K% in the dried herb (4.4% in the second cut of the first
season and 4.6% in the second one) for the treatments of Biogene
(B2) + the high level of urea (N3) in the two experimental seasons.
2.2.7. The obtained results indicated that N, P and K
percentages were improved as a result of irrigating Cymbopogon
citratus Stapf. plants with magnetized water and the addition of bio
and urea fertilization when compared with control plants irrigated
with non-magnetized water and received neither bio nor urea
fertilization in the three cuts in both growing seasons. The best
results in this respect were obtained when the plants were irrigated
with magnetized water and received the bio fertilizer (Biogene) plus
the highest urea fertilization level (300 kg/fed) in each growing
seasons. On the other hand, the lowest values were produced by the
control plants which were irrigated with ordinary water without
addition of bio- or urea fertilization in the three cuts of the two
growing seasons. For example, the total N percentage in the second
cut ranged between 0.56 and 2.5% in the first season, whereas in the
second one it was between 0.6 and 2.7%, as well as the phosphorus
% ranged between 0.25 and 0.99% in the second cut of the first
season, meanwhile in the second one it was between 0.16 and 0.97%
for the treatments of M0 + B0 + N0 and that of M1 + B2 + N3,
respectively. In addition the K% ranged between 1.98 and 3.4% in
the second cut of the first season, meanwhile in the second one it
was between1.93 and 3.8% for the treatments of M0 + B0 + N0 and
that of M1 + B2 + N3, respectively.
2.3. Photosynthetic pigments:
2.3.1. The obtained results showed that chlorophyll (A),
chlorophyll (B) as well as total chlorophyll (A + B) concentrations in
the fresh leaves of Cymbopogon citratus Stapf. plants were markedly
improved as a result of watering the plants with magnetized water in
comparison with the treatment of irrigation with non-magnetized
water in the three cuts of the two growing season. The total
chlorophyll (A + B) concentrations in the fresh leaves were 48.5 and
53.0 mg/g in the second cut of the first season, whereas in the second
one it was 66.3 and 72.1 mg/g for the treatments of M0 and M1,
respectively. Otherwise, carotenoid content in the leaves followed
the same trend as it increased as a result of watering the plants with
magnetized water (M1) in comparison with those irrigated with
ordinary water (M0) in the three cuts of the two experimental
seasons.
Carotenoids content in the leaves was 8.3 and 8.8 mg/L in the
second cut of the first season, meanwhile in the second one it was
8.6 and 9.3 mg/L for the treatments of non-magnetized (M0) and
magnetized (M1) water, respectively.
2.3.2. The application of the different kinds of bio fertilizers
(B1 and B2) resulted in higher concentrations from photosynthetic
pigments (chlorophyll A, chlorophyll B, total chlorophyll A + B and
carotenoids) in the fresh leaves of lemongrass plants compared with
the control without using bio fertilization (B0) in the three cuts of the
two experimental seasons.
The treatment of Biogene realized the highest total chlorophyll
(A + B) concentrations in the leaves as it was 57.3 and 80.5 mg/g in
the second cut of the first and the second growing seasons.
respectively. Meanwhile, carotenoids content in the leaves of
lemongrass plants was increased as a result of using the different
kinds of bio fertilizers in comparison with the control (B0) in the
three cuts of the two growing seasons. The best results in this respect
were obtained by Biogene (B2) in the second cut of the first season
(10.1 mg/g), whereas in the second one it was (10.1 mg/g),
respectively.
2.3.3. Regarding the effect of urea fertilization levels on
chlorophyll A, chlorophyll B and total chlorophyll (A + B) as well as
carotenoids content in the fresh leaves of lemongrass plants, it could
be noticed that the application of the different urea doses gave higher
values in this respect in comparison with the control (N0) without
urea addition in the three cuts of the two growing seasons.
The highest total chlorophyll content (71.6 and 92.5 mg/g in
the second cut of the first and the second seasons, respectively) was
obtained in the case of using the high rate (300 kg/fed) in both
experimental seasons. Meanwhile, the highest carotenoids content in
the fresh leaves of lemongrass plants (11.4 and 10.8 mg/g in the
second cut of the first and the second seasons, respectively) were
obtained by using the high urea doses, respectively.
2.3.4. The obtained results showed that the concentrations of
chlorophyll (A), chlorophyll (B) and chlorophyll (A + B) as well as
carotenoids content in the fresh leaves of Cymbopogon citratus
Stapf. plants were enhanced by irrigating the plants with magnetized
water (M1) when compared with those irrigated with non-magnetized
water (M0) under the different kinds of bio fertilization in the three
cuts of both growing seasons. The best results in this respect were
obtained by the treatment of B2 + M1, otherwise the lowest values in
this concern were obtained by the treatment of B0 + M0 in the two
experimental seasons.
The concentrations of total chlorophyll (A + B) were between
42.1 and 62.8 mg/g in the second cut of the first season, whereas in
the second one they fluctuated between 49.9 and 88.0 mg/g for the
treatments of B0 + M0 and that of B2 + M1, respectively. Meanwhile,
carotenoids content ranged between 7.5 and 12.2 mg/g in the second
cut of the first season, whereas in the second one it was ranged
between 7.9 and 11.7 mg/g for the treatments of B0 + M0 and that of
B2 + M1, respectively.
2.3.5. The obtained results showed that the concentrations of
chlorophyll (A), chlorophyll (B) and chlorophyll (A + B) as well as
carotenoids content in the fresh leaves of Cymbopogon citratus
Stapf. plants were enhanced by irrigating the plants with magnetized
water (M1) when compared with those irrigated with non-magnetized
water (M0) under the different levels of urea fertilization in the three
cuts of both growing seasons. The best results in this respect were
obtained by the treatment of N3 + M1, otherwise the lowest values in
this concern were obtained by the treatment of N0 + M0 in the two
experimental seasons.
The concentrations of total chlorophyll (A + B) were between
30.6 and 76.0 mg/g in the second cut of the first season, whereas in
the second one they fluctuated between 34.06 and 96.7 mg/g for the
treatments of N0 + M0 and that of N3 + M1, respectively. Meanwhile,
carotenoids content ranged between 7.0 and 11.3 mg/g in the second
cut of the first season, whereas in the second one it was ranged
between 7.9 and 13.3 mg/g for the treatments of N0 + M0 and that of
N3 + M1, respectively.
2.3.6. The photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophyll A, B
and carotenoids in the fresh leaves of lemongrass plants were
markedly increased as a result of using the different kinds of bio
fertilizers in combinations with the different doses from urea
fertilization in comparison with the control without bio- or urea
fertilization addition in the three cuts of the two growing seasons.
The highest total chlorophyll (A + B) concentrations in the
fresh leaves were 81.7 mg/g in the second cut of the first season and
95.5 mg/g in the second one were obtained by the treatment of B2 +
N3, respectively. Meanwhile, the best carotenoids concentrations in
the leaves were 13.5 mg/g in the second cut of the first season and
13.2 mg/g in the second one) obtained by the treatments of Biogene
+ 300 kg/fed urea, respectively.
2.3.7. The obtained results indicated that chlorophyll A,
chlorophyll B and chlorophyll (A + B) as well as carotenoids content
were improved as a result of irrigating Cymbopogon citratus Stapf.
plants with magnetized water and the addition of bio and urea
fertilization when compared with control plants irrigated with nonmagnetized
water and received neither bio nor urea fertilization in
the three cuts of both growing seasons. The best results in this
respect were obtained when the plants were irrigated with
magnetized water and received the bio fertilizer (Biogene) plus the
highest urea fertilization level (300 kg/fed) in each growing seasons.
On the other hand, the lowest values were produced by the control
plants which were irrigated with ordinary water without addition of
bio- or urea fertilization in the three cuts of the two growing seasons.
For example, the total chlorophyll in the second cut ranged between
21.04 and 75.13 mg/g in the first season, whereas in the second one
it was between 25.35 and 73.06 mg/g for the treatments of M0 + B0 +
N0 and that of M1 + B2 + N3, respectively. Meanwhile, carotenoids
content ranged between 5.91 and 19.95 mg/g in the second cut of the
first season, whereas in the second one it was ranged between 6.71
and 17.31 mg/g for the treatments of M0 + B0 + N0 and that of M1 +
B2 + N3, respectively.
2.4. Total carbohydrate percentage:
2.4.1. The total carbohydrate content in the dried herb of
lemongrass was considerably improved as a result of irrigation with
magnetized water in comparison with that of using ordinary water
(M0) in the three cuts of the two experimental seasons. The measured
total carbohydrate percentage in the dried herb was 17.4 and 20.5%
in the second cut of the first season, meanwhile in the second one it
was 15.9 and 16.9% for the treatments of M0 and M1, respectively.
2.4.2. The total carbohydrate percentage in the dried herb of
Cymbopogon citratus Stapf. plants was increased under the effect of
using the different types from bio fertilization when compared with
the control (B0) in the three cuts of the two experimental seasons.
The best results in this respect were (20.1 and 17.8% in the second
cut of the first and the second seasons) obtained by the application of
Biogene in the two growing seasons.
2.4.3. The obtained results show that the total carbohydrate
percentage in the dried herb of Cymbopogon citratus Stapf. plants
was augmented as a result of using the different urea levels in
comparison with the control in the three cuts of the two growing
seasons. The best results in this respect were obtained by using the
high level (N3) of urea fertilization as it realized total carbohydrate
percentage in the dried herb of 22.2 and 18.9% in the second cut of
the first and the second seasons, respectively.
2.4.4. The measured total carbohydrate percentage in the dried
herb was improved as a result of watering Cymbopogon citratus
Stapf. plants with magnetized water (M1) in comparison with those
found in the case of irrigation with non-magnetized water(M0) under
the different kinds of bio fertilization in the three cuts of both
growing seasons. The best results in this respect were obtained by
the treatment of growing the plants under bio fertilizers (Biogene)
and irrigation with magnetized water. On the other hand, the lowest
values in this respect was obtained by the treatment of without bio
fertilization (B0) and irrigation with ordinary water (M0) in the two
experimental seasons. For example, the total carbohydrate
percentage ranged between 16.3 and 21.8% in the second cut of the
first season, whereas in the second one it was between 14.3 and
18.03% for the treatments of B0 + M0 and that of B2 + M1,
respectively.
2.4.5. The measured total carbohydrate percentage in the dried
herb was improved as a result of watering Cymbopogon citratus
Stapf. plants with magnetized water (M1) in comparison with those
found in the case of irrigation with non- magnetized water (M0)
under the different levels of urea fertilization in the three cuts of
both growing seasons. The best results in this respect were obtained
by the treatment of growing the plants under the highest level of urea
fertilization (N3) and irrigation with magnetized water. On the other
hand, the lowest values in this respect was obtained by the treatment
of without urea fertilization (N0) and irrigation with ordinary water
(M0) in the two experimental seasons. For example, the total
carbohydrate percentage ranged between 13.7 and 23.7% in the
second cut of the first season, whereas in the second one it was
between 26.7 and 19.5% for the treatments of N0 + M0 and that of N3
+ M1, respectively.
2.4.6. The total carbohydrate percentage in the dried herb of
lemongrass plants was increased as a result of using the different
kinds of bio fertilizers and the different urea fertilization levels in
comparison with the control without application of bio- or urea
fertilization in the three cuts of the two experimental seasons. The
highest values in this concern were (17.4 and 20.3% in the second
cut of the first and the second seasons) obtained by the treatment of
Biogene (B2) + the high urea fertilization level (N3) in both growing
seasons. On the other hand, the lowest recorded values in this respect
were (12.9 and 12.7% in the second cut of the first and the second
seasons) obtained by the control without bio- or urea fertilization in
the two growing seasons.
2.3.7. The obtained results indicated that total carbohydrate
percentage was improved as a result of irrigating Cymbopogon
citratus Stapf. plants with magnetized water and the addition of bio
and urea fertilization when compared with control plants irrigated
with non-magnetized water and received neither bio nor urea
fertilization in the three cuts of both growing seasons. The best
results in this respect were obtained when the plants were irrigated
with magnetized water and received the bio fertilizer (Biogene) plus
the highest urea fertilization level (300 kg/fed) in each growing
seasons. On the other hand, the lowest values were produced by the
control plants which were irrigated with ordinary water without
addition of bio-or urea fertilization in the three cuts of the two
growing seasons. For example, the total carbohydrate in the second
cut ranged between 12.8 and 25.0% in the first season, whereas in
the second one it was between 12.0 and 20.8% for the treatments of
M0 + B0 + N0 and that of M1 + B2 + N3, respectively.