الفهرس 
Introduction and Aim of the workOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Ureteroceles are an infrequently seen and challenging pediatric urological condition that in addition to causing obstruction may also be associated with vesicoureteral reflux and/or obstruction of the bladder outlet. Past experience with the morbidity associated with ureteroceles presenting with urinary tract infection may have stimulated a particularly aggressive approach as evidenced by more historical reports describing total reconstruction.Our data and many published series support of less aggressive management of ureteroceles in children. Recent findings The widespread availability and reported high success rates with endoscopic puncture of ureteroceles, along with the recognition that vesicoureteral reflux associated with ureteroceles can be effectively managed non operatively, has shifted the paradigm towards an individualized approach with greater emphasis placed on non operative management or less aggressive surgical techniques. The best advantage of endoscopic Puncture is the possibility of intervention in younger age.The management of ureterocele in limited group of patients need second intervention after endoscopic decompression which is controlled by many factors as age , sex , type of system (single or duplex) , type of ureterocele and the function of upper tract. The most important factors that must consider in decision making during the management of ureterocele is ipsilateral, contralateral reflux and female gender. The independent predictors of reoperation are the contralateral reflux and female gender.