الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigated the effect of 7.5% level of marrow, lettuce, prickly pear seeds, and mixture of them (1:1:1 ratio) on serum blood sugar, serum blood lipids, liver & kidney functions, of rats feeding with diet containing cholesterol. The possible mechanisms by which these components may affect lipid metabolism will also be briefly addressed. Also, the histopathological examination for the different organs including heart, liver and kidney of the subject rats will be in be scope of this study. The current study was performed on total of thirty mature albino rats weighing (150 + 5 g). Rats were fed on normal (basal) ration and water was provided. The experiment was carried out in two periods, the first one for three weeks while the second was extended to 4 weeks. Rats were assigned randomly to six equal groups and the group consisted of 5 rats. The first group (5 rats): Rats of group 1 were fed on the basal diet and was kept as a (control-ve) group. On the contrary, other five groups were fed first on hypercholesterolemic diet ” basal diet plus 2 % cholesterol +animal fat 1.5% + bile salts 0.2%” for 3 weeks to obtain hypercholesterolemic rats before starting the treatment period. In the treatment period, groups were fed for 28 days as follow: Group (2): Hypercholesterolemic rats were fed on the basal diet only without any treatment (as control + ve). Group (3): Hypercholesterolemic rats were fed on the basal diet plus 7.5% of marrow seeds powder.
Group (4): Hypercholesterolemic rats were fed on the basal diet plus 7.5% of lettuce seeds powder. Group (5): Hypercholesterolemic rats were fed on the basal diet plus 7.5% of Prickly pear seeds powder. Group (6): Hypercholesterolemic rats were fed on the basal diet plus 7.5% mixture of all powder seeds (1:1:1 ratio). At the end of experimental period (28 days) animal were sacrificed after 12 hours fasting. Blood samples were collected and obtained from the aortic vein for serum separation to determine the following parameters: Serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, lipoprotein fraction (HDL-c, LDL-c, VLDL-c and AI), liver enzymes (AST, ALT and ALP), urea, uric acid and creatinine, fasting plasma glucose, liver, kidney, heart, lunges and spleen were removed, cleaned in saline solution and dried (wiped) then weighed and kept in formalin solution 10 % for histophathological examination. Results of the present study revealed the following: 1- There were mostly significant difference in FI and FER among tested groups as compared to (C+ve) and (C-ve) group. The various FI in groups was apparent during the experiment. While, there was significant decrease in BWG among all tested groups as compared to (C +ve) group. 2- There were significant increases in relative heart, liver, kidneys, lunges and spleen weight of rats in (C+ve) as compared to (C-ve). All hypercholesterolemic rats fed on various diets showed significant decreases in mean values as compared to control (+) group. The best liver weight was recorded for group ”5” (Hypercholesterolemic rats fed on Prickly pear seeds 7.5%) when compared to control (+) group.
The best kidneys weight was recorded for group ”6” (Hypercholesterolemic rats fed on mixture all of seeds 7.5%) when compared to control (+) group. The best heart weight was recorded for group ”6” (Hypercholesterolemic rats fed on mixture of all seeds 7.5%) when compared to control (+) group. The best lung weight was recorded for group ”3” (Hypercholesterolemic rats fed on marrow seeds 7.5%) when compared to control (+) group. The best spleen weight was recorded for group ”5 & 6” (Hypercholesterolemic rats fed on prickly pear seeds & mixture of all 7.5%) when compared to control (+) group. 3- There were significant increases in plasma glucose of (C-ve) group as compared to (C+ve) group; there were significant decreases in plasma glucose of all tested groups as compared to (C+ve) group. The best group”4” (Hypercholesterolemic rats fed on lettuce seeds 7.5%). 4- There were significant increases in serum levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides in (C+ve) as compared to (C-ve) normal rats. The various dietary groups were apparently different during the experiment. There were significant decreases in total cholesterol and triglycerides among all tested groups as compared to (C+ve) groups, the highest significant decreases both in serum levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides recorded for rats fed on diet containing 7.5 % of (mixture group). 5- There were significant increases in LDL-c, and significant decreases in HDL-c in the serum of (C+ve) group as compared to the (C-ve) group. There were significant increases in HDL-c, but significant
decreases in LDL-c in all tested groups as compared to (C+ve) group. Rats showed the highest increase of HDL-c and the highest decrease in LDL-c revealed in the serum of rats fed on diet containing 7.5% of (mixture group). 6- There were significant increase in VLDL-c and also significant increase atherogenic index (AI) in the serum of (C+ve) group, as compared with (C-ve) group. The various dietary groups were apparently different during the experiment. Rats group showed the highest decrease VLDL-c and the atherogenic index recorded in the serum of rats fed on diet containing 7.5% of (mixture group). 7- There were a significant increases in AST,ALT and ALP enzymes in the serum of (C+ve ) group as compared to (C–ve) normal rats group, while there were significant decreases in the serum levels of AST,ALT and ALP enzymes among all tested group as compared to (C+ve ) group. Rats fed on diet containing 7.5% of prickly pear seeds diet showed the highest significant decreases in AST. Rats fed on diet containing 7.5% of marrow seeds diet showed the highest significant decreases in ALT. While, the rats fed on diet containing 7.5% of lettuce seeds group showed the highest significant decreases in ALP enzymes. The best treatment considering the GOT/GPT ratio recorded for group ”3” (Hypercholesterolemic rats fed on marrow seeds 7.5%) when comparison with control (+) group. 8- There were significant increases in urea; uric acid and creatinine inflicted (C+ve) group as compared to (C-ve) normal rats. There were significant decreases in serum levels of urea, uric acid and creatinine among all tested groups as compared to (C+ve) group.
The present study was conducted to investigated the effect of 7.5% level of marrow, lettuce, prickly pear seeds, and mixture of them (1:1:1 ratio) on serum blood sugar, serum blood lipids, liver & kidney functions, of rats feeding with diet containing cholesterol. The possible mechanisms by which these components may affect lipid metabolism will also be briefly addressed. Also, the histopathological examination for the different organs including heart, liver and kidney of the subject rats will be in be scope of this study. The current study was performed on total of thirty mature albino rats weighing (150 + 5 g). Rats were fed on normal (basal) ration and water was provided. The experiment was carried out in two periods, the first one for three weeks while the second was extended to 4 weeks. Rats were assigned randomly to six equal groups and the group consisted of 5 rats. The first group (5 rats): Rats of group 1 were fed on the basal diet and was kept as a (control-ve) group. On the contrary, other five groups were fed first on hypercholesterolemic diet ” basal diet plus 2 % cholesterol +animal fat 1.5% + bile salts 0.2%” for 3 weeks to obtain hypercholesterolemic rats before starting the treatment period. In the treatment period, groups were fed for 28 days as follow: Group (2): Hypercholesterolemic rats were fed on the basal diet only without any treatment (as control + ve). Group (3): Hypercholesterolemic rats were fed on the basal diet plus 7.5% of marrow seeds powder.
Group (4): Hypercholesterolemic rats were fed on the basal diet plus 7.5% of lettuce seeds powder. Group (5): Hypercholesterolemic rats were fed on the basal diet plus 7.5% of Prickly pear seeds powder. Group (6): Hypercholesterolemic rats were fed on the basal diet plus 7.5% mixture of all powder seeds (1:1:1 ratio). At the end of experimental period (28 days) animal were sacrificed after 12 hours fasting. Blood samples were collected and obtained from the aortic vein for serum separation to determine the following parameters: Serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, lipoprotein fraction (HDL-c, LDL-c, VLDL-c and AI), liver enzymes (AST, ALT and ALP), urea, uric acid and creatinine, fasting plasma glucose, liver, kidney, heart, lunges and spleen were removed, cleaned in saline solution and dried (wiped) then weighed and kept in formalin solution 10 % for histophathological examination. Results of the present study revealed the following: 1- There were mostly significant difference in FI and FER among tested groups as compared to (C+ve) and (C-ve) group. The various FI in groups was apparent during the experiment. While, there was significant decrease in BWG among all tested groups as compared to (C +ve) group. 2- There were significant increases in relative heart, liver, kidneys, lunges and spleen weight of rats in (C+ve) as compared to (C-ve). All hypercholesterolemic rats fed on various diets showed significant decreases in mean values as compared to control (+) group. The best liver weight was recorded for group ”5” (Hypercholesterolemic rats fed on Prickly pear seeds 7.5%) when compared to control (+) group.
The best kidneys weight was recorded for group ”6” (Hypercholesterolemic rats fed on mixture all of seeds 7.5%) when compared to control (+) group. The best heart weight was recorded for group ”6” (Hypercholesterolemic rats fed on mixture of all seeds 7.5%) when compared to control (+) group. The best lung weight was recorded for group ”3” (Hypercholesterolemic rats fed on marrow seeds 7.5%) when compared to control (+) group. The best spleen weight was recorded for group ”5 & 6” (Hypercholesterolemic rats fed on prickly pear seeds & mixture of all 7.5%) when compared to control (+) group. 3- There were significant increases in plasma glucose of (C-ve) group as compared to (C+ve) group; there were significant decreases in plasma glucose of all tested groups as compared to (C+ve) group. The best group”4” (Hypercholesterolemic rats fed on lettuce seeds 7.5%). 4- There were significant increases in serum levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides in (C+ve) as compared to (C-ve) normal rats. The various dietary groups were apparently different during the experiment. There were significant decreases in total cholesterol and triglycerides among all tested groups as compared to (C+ve) groups, the highest significant decreases both in serum levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides recorded for rats fed on diet containing 7.5 % of (mixture group). 5- There were significant increases in LDL-c, and significant decreases in HDL-c in the serum of (C+ve) group as compared to the (C-ve) group. There were significant increases in HDL-c, but significant
decreases in LDL-c in all tested groups as compared to (C+ve) group. Rats showed the highest increase of HDL-c and the highest decrease in LDL-c revealed in the serum of rats fed on diet containing 7.5% of (mixture group). 6- There were significant increase in VLDL-c and also significant increase atherogenic index (AI) in the serum of (C+ve) group, as compared with (C-ve) group. The various dietary groups were apparently different during the experiment. Rats group showed the highest decrease VLDL-c and the atherogenic index recorded in the serum of rats fed on diet containing 7.5% of (mixture group). 7- There were a significant increases in AST,ALT and ALP enzymes in the serum of (C+ve ) group as compared to (C–ve) normal rats group, while there were significant decreases in the serum levels of AST,ALT and ALP enzymes among all tested group as compared to (C+ve ) group. Rats fed on diet containing 7.5% of prickly pear seeds diet showed the highest significant decreases in AST. Rats fed on diet containing 7.5% of marrow seeds diet showed the highest significant decreases in ALT. While, the rats fed on diet containing 7.5% of lettuce seeds group showed the highest significant decreases in ALP enzymes. The best treatment considering the GOT/GPT ratio recorded for group ”3” (Hypercholesterolemic rats fed on marrow seeds 7.5%) when comparison with control (+) group. 8- There were significant increases in urea; uric acid and creatinine inflicted (C+ve) group as compared to (C-ve) normal rats. There were significant decreases in serum levels of urea, uric acid and creatinine among all tested groups as compared to (C+ve) group.