الفهرس 
GeneticsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Genetic data have become increasingly more important for
conserving, managing threatened and endangered species (Allendorf and
Luikart, 2007). Also, genetic data have been used for identifying species and
populations that have reduced genetic diversity that may face a greater risk of
extinction (Quattro and Vrijenhoek, 1989 and Saccheri et al., 1998). In
addition, genetic data can also be used to infer the number of populations or
evolutionary groups present (Waples, 1995; Parker et al., 1999; Spruell et al.,
2003; Waples and Gaggiotti, 2006; Currens et al., 2009 and Ardren et al.,
2010), information that can be useful in defining management and recovery
units. Recently genetic data have been used to address more complex
conservation issues including the estimation of effective population size
(Peterson and Ardren, 2009 and Small et al., 2009).Molecular techniques have been used as a tool for population
structure studies by analyzing dispersal, colonization patterns and gene flow
between populations over a variety of geographic scales, however a need for
expanding the array of molecular tools available in the context of population
genetics. Inferences made from datasets may be influenced by the use of
different molecular techniques as for example, allozymes evolve at a slower
rate than mitochondrial DNA (which is maternally inherited) and nuclear
DNA such as microsatellites (Duran et al., 2004)In the fact, many molecular methods are available for studying
various aspects of wild populations, captive brood stocks and interactions
between wild and cultured stocks of fish, they are basically categorized undertwo types of markers; protein and DNA. Most of the molecular markers have
been used in inter- and intraspecific variations. One of these markers is intersimple
sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. (Zietkiewicz et al., 1994 and
Okumuş and Çiftci, 2003).The ISSR (Inter-simple-sequence-repeat) method has been added to
the growing list of molecular tools. In addition, variable ISSR patterns have
potentials as dominant markers for studying genetic diversity of many fishes.
ISSR technique was used because it is simple and reliable tool for assessing
the molecular genetic variability within and among many living organisms
with highly reproducible results and abundant polymorphism (Ratnaparkhe et
al., 1998; Tong et al., 2005; Kol and Lazebnyĭ, 2006 and Kramer et al.,
2007).Protein plays an important role in the metabolism and regulation of
water balance. It is the basic building nutrient of any growing animal and also
play crucial roles in the maintenance of life. Proteins perform the vast
majority of the biochemistry required by living organisms. (Usydus et al.,
2009 and Uversky and Dunker, 2010). Protein is a translated phenotypic
expression of a genetic code and the variations in the genome usually result
in change in the structure of proteins (Bye and Ponnaiah, 1983).Electrophoresis is analysis of biochemical systematics in various taxa.
Each species is identified for the number of species-specific proteins by
means of high-resolution starch or polyacrylamide and isoelectric focusing
(Ferguson, 1974 and Basaglia and Marchetti, 1990). According to (Mc.Laughlin et al., 1982) the molecular mobility of proteins in an electric field
depends on their molecular weight, conformation and surface electric charge.Wasim, et al., 2007 and Habib and Samah, 2013 reported that fish are
considered as an important source of a cheaper and high quality animal
protein, but according to (Saravanan et al., 2011) fish are used as excellent
indicator of certain aquatic pollution due to their high sensitivity to
environmental contaminants which may damage certain physiological and
biochemical processes when contact with the organs of fishesThis study was carried to reveal the effect of phosphate and the
petroleum oil on the genetic and biochemical structure of three different
species of Red Sea fishes (Lethrinus borbonicus, Siganus rivulatus and
Mulloidichthys flavolineatus) which belonged to three different families
Lethrinidae, Siganidae and Mullidae respectively, order: Perciformes, class:
Actinopterygii.