الفهرس 
Introduction
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Abstract
The problem of satisfying the dietary requirements of a growing world population is becoming increasingly acute. Therefore, the use of pesticides for enhancement of economic potential in terms of increased food production and fiber as well as prevention of vector-borne diseases is enlarged. But, the benefit of improved production from the use of chemicals around food-producing species is not obtained without risk. The risk associated with residues that remain in the tissues of animals and enter to the food chain. These residues considered as a public health threaten to human and animal health. Therefore,the necessity developed to collect and study thedata of the different chemical toxicresidues and detect their safety to form thebasis of establishing safe residue concentrations and withdrawal periods for these chemical residues.
To achieve these purposes the present study was carried out a market- basket survey with the aim of determining the concentration levels of some toxic chemical residues in raw imported and local meat sold in Assiut city and to assess the potential health risk associated with exposure to these residues from meat consumption.In this work, we tried to compare the situation of OCs, OPs, herbicides and PCBs residues levels in the imported and domestic meat.
The study investigated a total of 63 raw meat samples were randomly collected and divided into three groups:
- 21 samples from imported Brazilian meat,
- 21 samples from imported Indian meat,
- 21 samples from local Egyptian Balady raw meat.
Samples were collected along the year from January to December 2013 from units available in retail stores in Assiut city. There was no repetition of batches.The average chemical compound residue concentrations ± SE were calculated wheren = 7 pooled samples with threesamples each. The meat samples were subjected to multiresidues determination of some different types of pesticides and PCBs residues in meat by GPC and PSA solid phase extraction cleanup.It was followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry GC/MS determination and analysis. All samples were treated and analyzed using GC/MS–SIM mode (selected ion monitoring) not scan mode.
The residues of different compounds were compared with MRLs of different international regulations but basically with the EU MRLs as abasic choice of comparison for the following reasons: first, the European Commission fixes MRLs for the vast majorityof chemical residues in meat. Second, EU has the lowest MRLs among the other regulation and sometimes there is a gap between MRLs of EU and other regulations.
The results of the present study revealed that in the imported meat samples from Brazil,it could detected ofsome OCs pesticides which were aldrin, p,p’-DDE, lindane, heptachlor epoxide, dieldrin and methoxychlor with the mean values of these pesticides were 3.81 ± 1.83, 0.48 ± 0.28, 44.24±13.98, 20.95±10.83, 12.57±5.23 and 0.32± 0.21µg/Kg, respectively. Lindane exceeded the permissible limit of EU but not codex. The frequency distribution of aldrin, p,p’-DDE, heptachlor epoxide and dieldrin were 57% of samples while lindane was detected in most of samples in about 86% and methoxychlor was detected in 29% of samples.
The OPs in imported Brazilian meat were parathion-ethyl, parathion-methyl, ethion, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, disulfoton while malathion was not detected. The mean values of these pesticides were 2.17±1.41, 25.53±14.39, 8.43±5.44, 7.99±3.02, 32.48±21.58 and 2.25±1.93µg/Kg, respectively. It was found that parathion-methyl and diazinon exceeded thepermissible limits set by EU. Each of parathion-ethyl, ethion and diazinon was detected in 29% of samples while parathion-methyl was detected in 57% of samples, whereas chlorpyrifos was detected in 71% and disulfoton was detected in 43% of samples.In this study, PCBs were not detected in Brazilian meat samples.
In imported Indian meat, the OC pesticides detected includealdrin, p,p’-DDE, lindane, HCB, heptachlor epoxide, dieldrin and methoxychlor, while heptachlor was not detected. The mean values of these pesticides were 2.71 ± 1.38, 11.00 ± 10.49, 18.47 ± 4.14, 1.77 ± 1.14, 11.05 ± 5.50, 45.33 ± 41.83 and 2.94 ± 1.41 µg/Kg, respectively. These residues were not exceeded the permissible limits set by different regulations. The frequency distributions of each of aldrin, heptachlor epoxide, dieldrin and methoxychlor was 43% of examined samples while p,p’-DDE was detected in 57% and lindane was detected 86% whereas the HCB was detected in 29% of samples.
The OPs compounds detected in imported Indian meat were parathion-ethyl, parathion-methyl, ethion, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, disulfoton while malathion was not detected. The mean values of these pesticides were 2.52 ± 1.63, 79.10 ± 43.19, 55.86 ± 22.02, 11.94 ± 4.51, 202.56 ± 46.58 and 4.02 ± 3.39 µg/Kg, respectively. It was found that parathion-methyl, ethion and diazinon exceeded the lowest permissible limits set by EU regulation.The most dominant pesticide was diazinon which was detected in 86% of samples then followed by ethion and chlorpyrifos which were detected in 71% of samples. Both ofparathion-methylanddisulfotonwere detected in 57% of samples while parathion-ethyl was detected in 29% of samples.
The different congeners of PCBs were detected in some Indian meat samples including congeners 28, 52 and 138 with mean values of 3.99 ± 3.78, 0.69 ± 0.45 and 12.24 ± 8.50 µg/Kg, respectively. These limits have not exceeded the permissible limit. The frequency distribution of these residues of PCBs congeners were detected in 29% of samples.
In local meat samples, the OCs detection includes aldrin, p,p’-DDE, lindane, heptachlor epoxide, dieldrin and methoxychlor. Both of HCB and heptachlor were not detected. The mean values of these pesticides were 1.69 ± 0.91, 1.00 ± 0.79, 14.26 ± 7.47, 30.22 ± 10.39, 5.78 ± 3.80 and 0.39 ± 0.33 µg/Kg, respectively. It was found that OCs residues in local meat samples weren’t exceeded the permissible. Each of aldrin, and p,p’-DDE was detected in 43% of examined samples while lindane and heptachlor -epoxide were detected in most of samples in about 83% whereas the dieldrin and methoxychlor were detected in 33% of samples.
In local meat, the OPs detection includes malathion, parathion-ethyl, parathion-methyl, ethion, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, disulfoton. The mean values of these pesticides were 0.56 ± 0.36, 1.25± 0.79, 94.15 ± 44.22, 37.53 ± 24.43, 9.67 ± 8.13, 111.7 ± 35.98 and 2.20± 1.88 µg/Kg , respectively. It was found that parathion-methyl, ethion and diazinon exceeded the permissible limits. The most dominated pesticide was parathion-methyl which was detected in 100% of samples then followed by diazinon which was detected in 83% of samples. Each ofmalathion, parathion-ethyl and ethion was detected in 33% of samples while chlorpyrifos and disulfoton were detected in 43% of samples.
The only congener of PCBs detected in local meat was hexaclorobiphenyl(PCB 138) with a mean value 4.90 ± 3.10 µg/Kg. Its frequency distribution was 33% of samples. This level of residue is lower than the permissible limit.
In the present study, the only herbicide residue detected in the examined meat samples was trifluralin. In which it was detected in 29% of Brazilian and Indian meat samples. However, it was present in 67% of local meat samples. The mean average concentrations were 0.44±0.30, 0.85 ± 0.77 and0.21± 0.08 µg /Kg, respectively. These residues levels were below the permissible limit.
The previous obtained results revealed that the imported and local meat in the three countries investigated in this study have the same or resemble situation related the different types of pesticide residues and the variation, if it present, it is very scanty and not significant. from the data evaluation we can suggest the Brazilian meat may have the best situation between the Indian and Egyptian meat. The surprising findings in this study are the high values realized for the OPs with respect to each type of meat or to the country of origin investigated.Moreover, this study, in our knowledge, is the first Egyptian study that detected the herbicide trifluralin in animal tissues.