الفهرس 
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Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a common chromosomal disorder, affecting 1 per 700-1000 live births..Life expectancy has increased in the last decades, due to the improvement of the scientific knowledge about the syndrome and its acquired complications, and also, due to the easier access and the more recent diagnostic and therapeutic means for the patients, their families and the multi-professional health team that accompany them. Children with DS in particular have an increased prevalence of overweight and obesity (30–50%) and have a high prevalence of obesity-related secondary conditions Individuals with DS may be at increased risk for obesity due to phenotypic features associated with their disability. These features include hypothyroidism, muscle hypotonia. This combination is likely to result in decreased energy expenditure.Increased adiposity characterized by a higher percentage of body fat (F%) during childhood and adolescence is related to a greater risk of premature illnesses, death from coronary heart disease, hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) later in life. Low lean mass is associated with decreased skeletal muscle tissue, which that in turn, reduces the functional capacity and the maximum oxygen consumption that is a marker of health in youth and is also associated with increased cardiovascular health later in life. As adiposity is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, the use of body composition techniques to determine F% is important in predicting long-term health outcomes.The bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a useful tool in the study of body composition as it is inexpensive and simple to use and is well validated in normal children and adults .There has been little published work describing body composition in DS.Adiponectin is an adipokine which is secreted from exclusive differentiated adipose tissue and its plasma level is reduced with increasing of body fat mass (FM) Adiponectin appears to have a role in regulation of energy balance and peripheral tissue lipid metabolism .It has metabolic effects on fat and glucose metabolism .besides anti-atherogenic roles. Adiponectin exhort its effects through the sensitization of body to the insulin .