الفهرس 
AcknowledgmentOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Newborn infants undergoing intensive care are exposed to repeated painful procedures as well as persistent pain. Thus, they are in need of pain relief. The objectives of this study were to design clinically applicable, safe, and effective analgesia for pain and distress in the immediate postnatal period as well as short-acting pain relief during venipuncture in preterm infants.In the recent years, sucrose administration with or without non-nutritive sucking has been a frequently studied non-pharmacologic intervention for relief of procedural pain in preterm infants. Sucrose has been used for its calming and pain-relieving effects for invasive procedures in term and preterm infants.In this study, we aimed to compare the effect of giving sterile water to giving either sucrose 24 % or expressed breast milk (EBM) in relieving pain during venipuncture in preterm infants (with a gestational age of 28 – 36 weeks).Fifty preterm infants (26 male and 24 female with a gestational age between 28 and 36 weeks) requiring a venipuncture were included in this study. These infants were subjected to non–pharmacological interventions to reduce pain during venipuncture using three different treatment regimens; (1) sterile water, (2) sucrose 24 % and, (3) Expressed breast milk (EBM). The three methods were applied to each baby at different days.