الفهرس 
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Abstract
The study was carried out in Beni-Suef Governorate, Egypt, in the period between February 2012 and May 2014. Faecal samples from cattle, buffalo and sheep beside stool samples from humans were collected. The samples were investigated in the department of Hygiene, Management and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University for demonstrating the occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp.
A total of 871 faecal samples (565 cattle, 129 buffalo and 177 sheep) were included in the studies that were selected randomly from both rural and urban areas in Beni-Suef Governorate. Samples were collected from each animal either diarrheic or apparently healthy. The sampled animals were represented in either those reared in farms where 338 (212 cattle, 54 buffalo and 72 sheep) or those reared in small-holders where 533 (353 cattle, 75 buffalo and 105 sheep) were examined.
In addition to, stool samples were collected from 338 individuals. Humans chosen for this study were either livestock contacts (n=193) or non-livestock contacts (n=145). Among the examined humans, 178 were males and 160 were females. Their age grouping ranged from >5 to >20 years.
The detection rate of Cryptosporidium spp. in animals were 9.73%, 10.08% and 10.73% in cattle, buffalo and sheep, respectively with an overall prevalence of 9.99%.
The occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. varied in relation to age; with the highest rate reported at those aged 1-3 months as 15.56%, 17.65% and 13.04% in cattle, buffalo and sheep, respectively. Whereas the lowest prevalence was found in animals aged >12 months as; 5.54% for cattle, 8.86% for buffalo and 10.0% for sheep.
Results also revealed that female had a significant shedding rate than the male animals it was (4.29%, 11.53%), (4.44%, 13.1%) and (3.33%, 14.53%) in male and female cattle, buffalo and sheep, respectively.
The shedding of Cryptosporidium oocysts in relation to health status revealed overall prevalence of 15.0% for diarrheic and 6.78% for non-diarrheic animals. The same observation was denoted for all animals; 13.33% and 7.08%, 18.6% and 5.81% beside, 19.3% and 6.67% in diarrheic as well as non-diarrheic cattle, buffalo and sheep, respectively.
Animals reared in farms accounted for a higher detection rate of cryptosporidial oocysts (11.79%, 18.52% and 16.67% in cattle, buffalo and sheep, respectively) than those reared in small-holders (8.5% in cattle, 4.0% in buffalo and 6.67% in sheep).
Cryptosporidium infection had similar pattern of distribution among different seasons, where the prevalence was 10.77% in summer, 9.3% in autumn, 10.38% in spring and 9.45% in winter.
Regarding the occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. in humans, it accounted for 26.63%. Children aged <5 years (28.0%) exhibited higher rates of infection than those >20 years (26.76%) and 6-20 years (25.75%). Infection rate was 29.21% of males and 23.75% of females. The shedding rate was higher in those lived in rural (27.46%) than those in urban (25.52%) settings.
Diarrheic patients showed higher prevalence (34.44%) of cryptosporidiosis than non-diarrheic individuals (17.72%).
The percentage distribution of cryptosporidial infection was more or less similar in different year seasons; 27.27% in summer, 26.47% in autumn, 26.32% in spring and 26.25% in winter.
ELISA exhibited lower sensitivity than MZN technique for detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in faeces (63.64%, 61.54%, 63.16% and 88.89% in cattle, buffalo, sheep and humans, respectively).
Samples positive for both MZN and ELISA were further subjected to analyzed by molecular analysis (n=135). Two step-nested PCR using COWP gene that followed by RFLP analysis that exhibited the presence of only C. parvum in animal samples (n=12 in cattle, n=4 in buffalo and n=3 in sheep) whereas in human samples both C. hominis (n=15) and C. parvum (n=5) were identified.
Sequencing analysis of the gp60 gene for C. parvum genotype, it revealed that no difference among the subtype isolated from cattle, buffalo, sheep and humans. The generated sequence was belonged to the family IId and was assigned as IIdA20G1 subtype.
The presence of the same subtype of Cryptosporidium spp. in both farm animals and man in the examined locality indicated that zoonotic route of transmission between animals and humans in the area and that necessitate preventive measures must be considered.