الفهرس 
Diabetes mellitusOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Summary
Diabetes mellitus is considered one of the most
prevalence diseases. The nephropathy, retinopathy and
neuropathy complications accompanied to this disease are
resulting from hyperglycemia and increased free radicals.
So the treatment using anti-free radicals and antioxidants
play an important role in controlling these complications. So
the current study aimed to determine the effect of Egyptian
white and black mulberry fruits and leaves extracts which
contain DNJ as anti-free radical substance on controlling the
biological and biochemical changes in diabetic nephropathy
induced in adult male rats.
This study was divided into 3 parts:
The first part included the extraction of DNJ from
white and black mulberry fruits and leaves by different
solvents (water- methanol- ethanol) and the determination of
DNJ content in these extracts by HPLC to determine the
best solvent for extraction. The results showed that water is
the best solvent and that black mulberry leaves contain the
highest amount of DNJ about 313.6 mg% while white
mulberry leaves contain about 137.7 mg%. Mulberry fruits
contain less amount of DNJ as compared with leaves where
white fruits contain 70.8 mg% and black fruits contain 32.6
mg%.
Summary
134
The second part of the study depended upon the
determination of anti-free radical activity of water extracts
of mulberry. Results showed that different water extracts
containing DNJ have scavenging hydroxyl radical effect
ranging from 11.6 to 41.4 % employed from concentrations
ranging from 1.25 to 100 µg /ml, respectively.
The third part of this study is the biological
experiment: 72 healthy adult male albino rats SpragueDawley strain with mean weight range 217-220 g fed on
balanced diet till the end of the experiment. 12 healthy rats
were injected subcutaneously with citrate buffer and used as
healthy control group (group 1) received tap water. Other
rats were injected subcutaneously by STZ (40 mg/ kg body
weight) to induce diabetes. Diabetic status was confirmed
after three days of injection by measuring blood glucose
level. Rats with blood glucose level more than 200 mg/dl is
considered diabetic and were divided into 5 groups (12
each): group (2) diabetic control received tap water ; group
(3) diabetic treated with WMFWE; group (4) diabetic
treated with WMLWE; group (5) diabetic treated with
BMFWE and group (6) diabetic treated with BMLWE.
All the extracts used in this experiment were given at
a daily dose contain 50 mg DNJ / kg body weight by gavage
tube for 28 day.
Summary
135
The experiment confirmed the following results:
1) The injection with STZ caused significant increase
in food intake and decrease in body weight and
feed efficiency ratio by about 43.03, 292.13 and
225 %, respectively as compared with healthy
control group. While the relative kidneys weight
was increased in diabetic group by about 84.0% as
compared with the healthy control group.
Treatment of diabetic rats from group (3) to group
(6) with the different mulberry water extracts led
to decrease in food intake by 11.46, 0.61, 14.28
and 16.11 %; and increase in body weight change
by about 52.39, 36.87, 57.17 and 32.77%, improve
feed efficiency ratio 50.0, 40.0, 50.0 and 20.0 %;
and decrease in relative kidneys weight by 13.04,
4.35, 30.43 and 2.17%, respectively.
2) The results showed that injection with STZ led to
significant increase in blood sugar level and
decrease in insulin level by 244.58 and 39.23 %,
respectively as compared with healthy control
group. Also the results showed that treatment with
the four tested extracts decrease blood sugar level
and increase insulin secretion in group (3) to group
(6) by 44.52, 49.52, 55.92 and 56.18% for glucose
and 28.54, 29.80, 24.96 and 36.61% for insulin
respectively as compared with the diabetic group.
Summary
136
3) The induction of diabetes in rats caused significant
increase in blood glycated hemoglobin percentage
and renal aldose reductase activity as a result for
complications of diabetes. On the other hand the
treatment of group (3) to group (6) with the tested
extracts controlled the increment in glycated
hemoglobin as compared with diabetic control
group by 65.46, 66.48, 64.57 and 66.89%,
respectively and caused decrease in aldose
reductase activity as compared with diabetic
control group by 36.28, 45.22, 29.50 and 48.78
%, respectively. Also renal total protein was
affected by STZ injection and improved in groups
treatment with the different extracts by 50.11,
77.38, 48.72 and 67.83%, respectively as
compared with diabetic group.
4) Consumption of the tested extracts caused
significant improvement in oxidative stress status
as compared with the diabetic group in which
there was significant increase in renal NO, MDA
and AOPPs levels and significant decrease in renal
GSH content by 459.57, 40.29, 223.58 and 26.99
%, respectively as compared with the healthy
control group. The improvement in treated groups
from group (3) to group (6) as compared with
diabetic control group were:
Summary
137
a) Decrease renal NO level by 64.52, 66.72, 49.03
and 69.51 %, respectively.
b) Decrease renal MDA level by 25.49, 25.50,
27.65 and 27.65 %, respectively.
c) Decrease renal AOPPs level by 55.95, 67.50,
55.75 and 63.66 %, respectively.
d) Increase renal GSH content by 15.99, 16.59,
11.16 and 6.66 %, respectively.
5) It was clear from the results of serum creatinine,
urea, uric acid and total protein that kidney
functions is effected in diabetic rats due to kidney
complications. Treatment of diabetic rats with the
tested extracts for 28 day led to improvement in
kidney functions as following for group (3) – (6)
as compared with diabetic control group :
a) Decrease serum creatinine level by 21.00,
62.43, 51.47 and 62.72 %.
b) Decrease serum urea level by 38.56, 41.52,
37.99 and 44.59 %.
c) Decrease serum uric acid level by 38.44, 39.13,
36.90 and 47. 63 %.
d) Increase serum total protein level by 24.61,
26.72, 13.36 and 23.85 %.
In general results showed that oral daily consumption
of water extracts of white and black mulberry fruits and
leaves improve diabetic status and control diabetic
complications.