الفهرس 
Pathophysiology of chronic Obstructive Pulmonary DiseaseOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is considered multifactorial disease caused by many factors including smoking, air pollution, occupational exposure, genetics and other causes .
Pathophysiology of COPD includes mucus hyper secretion, ciliary dysfunction, air flow limitation, hyperinflation, gas exchange abnormalities and pulmonary hypertension, core pulmonale. Recently oxidative stress, protease and anti-protease imbalance is involved in pathophysiology of COPD.
There are many clinical predictors of mortality are newly involved in prediction of mortality of COPD including FEV1 which is most tested and accepted clinical predictor. Other clinical predictors include BODE index, spirometry, Dyspnea score, DOSE score and DECAF score.
Recently other clinical predictors are involved as heart rate variability and exercise capacity. COPD is a complex disease with varying phenotypes. Many serum biomarkers have been investigated in the hope of facilitating prediction of mortality, these includes C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 , PARC and others.
C-reactive protein is the most studied inflammatory biomarker in COPD. It has been found that it’s level is inversely related to FEV1 and exercise capacity and increases during exacerbation.
Other tested biomarkers as fibronectin CC-16 &SP-D&IL-6 and PARC was also used as predictors of mortality .
Recently using inflammatory bio markers in combination with clinical predictors has proven to predict mortality in COPD and improved accuracy of prediction