الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present study is concerned with the effect of different Laser energies and weak extremely - low - frequency magnetic field on the development of chick embryos. In this study, freshly fertilized chicken eggs were exposed during the first 48 hours of post lying incubation to different Laser power densities (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 1.2 and 2 mW/cm2) and magnetic field (1.0 µT peak – to – peak amplitude). Following exposure, the eggs were allowed to incubate for an additional 9 days in the absence of laser energies and magnetic field. The embryos were taken out of the eggs and studied blind. Each of the exposed groups showed variable degree in the percentage of developmental anomalies compared with the respective sham – exposed controls. Histopathological features were identified in the chick embryos using optical microscopical method. The distribution of naturally occurring apoptosis (or programmed cell death) in chick embryos was also studied via the electron microscopical analysis. Moreover, different levels of circulating cytokines (mainly IL-2 and INF-γ) were investigated in the two exposed and sham – exposed animals. Collectively, these results reveal that exposure to both different Laser energies and electromagnetic waves can induce irreversible developmental alterations. The data also validate previous work based on the study of Laser energies and electromagnetic waves effects at day 2 of chick embryonic development under field exposure.