الفهرس 
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Abstract
A total of 170 samples (50 ration, 30 drinking water, 30 litter, 30 air samples and 30 samples of lungs and liver from freshly dead birds) were collected from different farms in both Giza and Minufiya governorates. These samples were subjected to mycological examination for isolation and identification of different mould species as well as total mould colony count. The total mould colony count /g is higher in Giza ration samples than in Minufiya samples as it ranged from 6x10 to 2.3x104 with a mean count of 3 x 103 in Giza samples and 1x10 to 8x102 with a mean count of 1.9x102 in Minufiya samples. The total mould colony count/gm in drinking water samples was higher in Minufiya than in Giza samples.The most frequently isolated mould species from both Giza and Minufiya ration samples was Aspergillus species with incidence of 44.8% in Giza samples and 50% in Minufiya samples. Aspergillus species is the most frequently isolated mould species from Giza drinking water samples with incidence of 66.7%, while Penicillium is the most frequently isolated species in Minufiya samples with incidence of 45.4% followed by Aspergillus species (36.4%). In litter samples from Giza, both Aspergillus and Penicillium are high and their incidence that is (34.3%) for both species, while in Minufiya, Penicillium incidence (53.4%) is higher than Aspergillus (33.3%). In air samples in both Giza and Minufiya, the most isolated mould species is Aspergillus (27%) and (41.9%).
The most isolated Aspergillus species in ration samples in both governorates samples were A.flavus (38.5%) and (54.5%), A.niger (20.5%) and (24.3%), A.gluacus (17.9%) and (3%), A.fumigatus (7.8%) and (6.1%). In litter samples the following Aspergillus species were isolated from both governorates, A.flavus (50%) and (40%), A.niger (25%) and (40%). In air samples in both governorates, A.niger is the most isolated species (40%) in Giza and (53.8%) in Minufiya samples. In water samples from Giza, only A.flavus was isolated, while A.flavus, A.niger and A.versicolor were isolated from Minufiya samples.
In Giza ration samples, P.corylophilum is the most isolated Penicillium spp.,while P.chrysogenum is the most isolated one from Minufiya samples. In litter samples, P.islandicum is the most isolated from Giza and Minufiya samples with P.corylophilum also in Minufiya samples,
P.oxalicum and P.citrinum are the most isolated species from Giza air samples, while P.islandicum is the most isolated from Minufiya samples. No Penicillium spp. were isolated from Giza water samples, while P.corylophilum is the most isolated Penicillium spp. from Minufiya samples. F.solani is the most isolated Fusarium spp. from Giza ration and air samples, while F.oxysporum is the most isolated species from Minufiya ration and Giza litter samples. In this study, A. flavus is the most frequently isolated mould species from lungs of freshly dead birds in both Giza and Minufiya governorates. The residues of aflatoxin B1 in examined poultry feed samples were determined by thin layer chromatography and can be detected in three ration samples from Giza and in ten ration samples from Minufiya . Aflatoxin B1 is quantitavely estimated with a mean of 43µg / kg in Giza samples and 27.2µg / kg in Minufiya samples. A total of 65 strains of A.flavus screened for aflatoxin B1 production by using TLC and it was found that 19 strains of them to be toxigenic.
Ten A.flavus isolates (2 isolates from Giza poultry feed and 8 from Minufiya poultry feed) were examined by molecular method polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primer specific to aflR1 of the aflatoxin regulatory gene. The two isolates from Giza are positive on agarose gel electrophoresis, while four isolates from Minufiya were positive on agarose gel electrophoresis. Sequencing of PCR product of the tested A.flavus, complete genome alignment of aflR intragenic spacer region sequences in 2 strains of A. flavus isolates (Gen Bank Accession Number: KP137699 / KP137700) was established.