الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Researches Carried out in last few decades certified several claims of the use of several plants of traditional medicine. Accordingly, the main object of this research was to study the biological, biochemical and histopathological change in male albino rat (45 rats, 120 ± 10 g each) as affected by diabetes mellitus and hypercholesterolemia when using diets containing khella seeds, crepe ginger and willow bark powers extracts as added (20 ml) to drinking water (80 ml). Diabetic rats prepared by alloxan injection, whole hypercholesterolemia rats by feeding with 1.5 % cholesterol and 10 % sheep fat in diet. Feeding trial continued for 28 days. Evaluations and Biochemical parameters analyses included: Biological parameters (BWG, FI, FER, organs weights), (glucose), lipid profile (T.G, T.C, HDL, VLDL, LDL, AI ), kidney function markers (creatinine, BUN , urea and uric acid), liver function markers (GOT, GPT & ALP enzyme activities) , antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPX, CAT), histopathological changes. Also statistical analyses was carried for the results. The results of present work could be summarized as follows: I- Diabetes mellitus 1- mellitus Diabetes affected appreciably the metabolism in rats, which revealed considerable decrease BWG from 1.24 to only 0.08 g/day. Feeding on khella seeds, crepe ginger rhizome and willow bark diets reversed such change, where BWG calculated for these groups was improved reaching higher values not only in comparison with control (+), but also control (-) groups. Best treatment was that of the khella diet ( 1.42 ± 0.04 g/day). 2- FI did not change due to diabetes, while was decreased significantly but very slightly for group 2 (khella) and (crepe ginger). Highest FI recorded for willow diet (23.91 g/day) which was numerically less (not significantly) (23.91 g/day) compared to control (-) (23.93 g/day). The best treatment for BWG (khella, 1.42 g/day) did not show higher FI (23.88 g/day), on the contrary FI was lower. 3- FER did not differ significantly between control (-) (0.052) and control (+) (0.053) groups but improved appreciably for khella (0.06). The improvement may explained by improvement of metabolism and not by the enhancement of appetite, Since FI for khella group 3 (23.88 g/day) was even less than that recorded for control (+) rats. 4- Diabetes mellitus revealed the increase of liver weight (hypertrophy) possible due to inflammation. Khella, crepe ginger and willow diets lowered the liver weight which showed less weight not only compared to control (+), but also control (-) group. Best treatment retained lowest liver weight was khella and crepe ginger. 5- Diabetes mellitus resulted in the atrophy of heart while rats fed on khella, crepe ginger or willow not only restored the original weight, but also revealed less values compared to control (-) group. Best treatment (retained lowest weight) recorded for khella group. 6- Due to diabetes mellitus, kidneys weights raised appreciably (percent increase was - 48.03 % compared control (-) group .On the drinking water contained extract of khella, crepe ginger and willow resulted in the decrease of kidneys weights. Best treatment was that of crepe ginger diet where rats retained even less weight than the control (-) group. 7- Diabetes mellitus accompanied by the rise of T.C in serum, which was decreased when rats adminitred khella seeds, crepe ginger fruits and willow bark extracts. Best treatment was that of khella seeds and crepe ginger extracts . 8- Triglycerides increased in serum due to diabetes mellitus (although nuvnerieally; not significantly). Plant extracts administered orally lowered the TG level, specially that of the crepe ginger and willow extracts. 9- HDL reduced due to diabetes mellitus, while was raised when diabetic rats fed on khella seeds, crepe ginger fruits and willow bark extracts. Best group (highest HDL) recorded for crepe ginger extract showing 12.18 % increase compared to control (+) group. 10- Diabetes mellitus raised appreciably Serum LDL mean while khella seeds, crepe ginger fruits and willow bark extracts as administered enterally to diabetic rats corrected the elevation of LDL. In connection best group was that of groups 3 and 4 when LDL in serum was low even when compared with that recorded for healthy control (-) group. 11- Due to diabetes mellitus VLDL in serum in created .But, rats serum administered with khella seeds, crepe ginger fruits and willow bark extract retained evidently lower VLDL compared to both control (+) and control (-) groups. Best groups (lowest VLDL) was that of crepe ginger and willow extracts. 12- Inflicting of rats with diabetes mellitus raised the AI from 0.67 & 1.35 Administering of phytogenic extracts lowered markedly the AI especially considering the crepe-ginger extracts group, where AI was considerably less than that recorded for the control (-) rats. 13- Hyperglycemia raised considerably the level of serum urea. Nevertheless taking of plant extracts lowered the levels. Best treatment was that of khella seeds extract as administered enterally, showing lowers urea level, reached 36.01 % less compared to that of the control (+) group. 14- Due to diabetes mellitus, the level of serum creatinine was raised. On the contrary plants extracts intakes lowered the levels which were for group (3) even less that that of the control (-) rats. 15- Serum uric acid was increased evidently due to diabetes mellitus plants of percent work corrected the urea level, which reduced to that of healthy control (-) group or even less. The best treatment was of khella seeds extracts which reduced considerably the uric acid level ; percent decrease compared to control (-) rats was - 60 % and in comparison with control (+) rats – 36.1 % . 16- Serum GOT (AST) activity was raised due to diabetes, while orally administered plan extracts reversed there changes. The best treatment was that of khella extract considering reduction of AST activity. 17- Diabetes mellitus raised the activity of ALT enzyme indicating negative effect on liver function taking khella seeds, crepe ginger fruits and willow bark , extracts corrected such changes. Best treatment was that of khella seeds extract. 18- ALP activity was raised in serum due to diabetes mellitus photogenic extracts lowered ALP activity, particularly of the crepe ginger and willow bark extracts. 19- . AST/ALT ratio showed - 39.34 % decrease of control (+) group, compared to control (-) group. On the other side khella seeds. Crepe- ginger fruits and willow bark extracts reduced the ratio. Best treatment (lowest AST/ALT ratio ) recorded for willow bark extract. 20- SOD activity reduced due to diabetes. Meanwhile tested plant extracts corrected such a change. Best treatment was that of willow extract which showed list percent increase of activity in comparison with that recorded for control (+) group. 21- CAT activity decreased considerably by diabetes mellitus. Intake of plant extracts raised the CAT activity, provided that best treatment was that of crepe-ginger. 22- GPX activity decreased pronouncedly due to diabetes. Intake of plant extracts corrected such change, raising the activity. Best treatment was that recorded for khella seeds extract. II- Hypercholesterolemia: 1. Hypercholesterolemia raised the BWG of rats (possibly due to high for diet ) while intakes of tested plants extract corrected such increase. Best treatment was that of crepe-ginger extract. 2. FI declined by hypercholesterolemia while increased by plant extracts intakes. Best treatment while revealed his best increase was that recorded for the khella extracts. 3. Hypercholesterolemia was associated with higher FER compared to control (-) group. This because of high fat and calories intakes in the first case, which caused also higher BWG. The high BWG was hot due to just higher FI, as the reverse was found therefore the type (not the amount related to increase appetite ) was responsible. Photogenic extracts lowered the FER, and lowest FER recorded for crepe-ginger group, with no agreement with best FI level (khella group) being possibly connected with best BWG group ( crepe ginger group). 4. Relative weight of liver increased indicating inflammation accompanied by hypertrophy due to hypercholesterolemia. Nevertheless plant extracts intakes lowered the relative weight, in particular for khella seeds extracts. 5. Relative weight of heart increased due to hypercholesterolemia, while decreased for plant extracts groups provided that best groups were that of crepe ginger extract showing lowest relative kidneys weights. 6. Relative weight of kidneys increased by hypercholesterolemia, while decreased when plant extracts administered. Best treatment was that of crepe ginger extract. 7. Serum glucose raised appreciably due to hypercholesterolemia. On the other hand administered phytogenic extracts reversed such change. Best treatment (lowest serum glucose) recorded for khella seeds extracts (Group 3). 8. Hypercholesterolemia accompanied by the ris of T.C. On the contrary plant extracts corrected such change, specially that of khella seeds extract treatment which reduced T.C to a level which was even less than that recorded for healthy (control -) group. 9. TG was raised slightly by hypercholesterolemia, while considerably decreased when plant extracts administed to inflicted rats. All hypercholesterolemic rats received phytogenic extracts show lower TG , even in comparison with that recorded for healthy control (-) rats. Best treatment seems to be that of the crepe ginger extract. 10. Hypercholesterolemia lowered somewhat the serum HDL, which was raised when khella seeds , crepe ginger fruits and willow bark extracts administed ton inflicted rats. Best treatment (highest HDL) recorded for crepe ginger extract, which revealed higher HDL even in comparison with healthy control (-) group. 11. LDL raised due to hypercholesterolemia, while decreased when plant extracts administered to diseased rats. In particular khella and crepe ginger extracts (best treatment) revealed lowest LDL in serum, which was even less then that recorded for in serum, which was even less then that recorded for healthy control (-) rats. 12. Serum VLDL was decreased significantly in serum of rats received the plant extracts, compared to control (+) group. Best treatment was that of crepe ginger extract showing lowers VLDL, even in comparison with healthy control (-) group. 13. Atherogenic index (A.I) raised considerably in control (+) compared to control (-) group due hypercholesterolemia. On the other side, plant extracts an administered to diseased rats, reduced appreciably the AI. Best group was that of crepe ginger extract showing not only less A.I compared to control (+) group, but also in comparison with healthy control (-) rats. Anyhow based on serum TG, VLDL , HDL, LDL & A.I crepe ginger extract may be possibly considered potent nutraceutical agent for of lipids profile in hypercholesterolemic and hyperglycaemic patients. 14. Hypercholesterolemia affected the kidneys function as indicated by the significant increase of urea in serum of control (+) compared to control (+) compared to control (-) rats. Plants extracts administered to diseased rats lowered the urea of serum. 15. Serum creatinine was raised due to hypercholesterolemia, but was decreased when diseased rats administered with plant extracts, in particular that of group (5) (willow extract). In the last care creatinine reduced not only compared to control (+), but also compared to control (-) rats. 16. Serum hypercholesterolemia raised the serum uric acid remarkably, but plant extracts lowered the level. Best treatment was that of willow extract which showed low uric acid compared not only to control (+), but also in comparison with control (-) rats. 17. Hypercholesterolemia raised the activity of AST which reduced due to administering of plant extracts of present work. Best sample was that of khella extract which showed AST activity being not only less than control (+), but also control (-) rats. 18. Serum ALT activity increased due to hypercholesterolemia khella seeds, crepe-ginger fruits and willow bark extracts reduced ALT activity in serum , in particular that of the khella extract. 19. ALP activity of serum was raised due to hypercholesterolemia, but decreased when diseased rats received the plant extracts, specially the khella seeds extract. 20. AST/ALT ratio increased by hypercholesterolemia induction, and reduced when diseased rats received the plant extract, specially that of the willow extract. 21. SOD activity was decreased due to hypercholesterolemia, but increased when administering phytogenic water extract of tested plants, in particular that recorded for khella extract. 22. Due to hypercholesterolemia the CAT was lowered . Meanwhile CAT activity was raised due to administering of phytogenic extracts, particularly that of khella seeds. 23. Hypercholesterolemia lowered the GPX activity in serum. Meanwhile when plant extract administered to diseased rats the activity was raised. Bests treatment seems to be that of willow extract.