الفهرس 
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Abstract
Background: The pineal gland hormone, melatonin, is an immunomodulator and neuroendocrine hormone; it also stimulates monocyte, cytokine and fibroblast proliferations, which influence in Bone healing. Aim of the study: was to evaluate the influence of melatonin on bone healing radiologically and clinically after removal of impacted mandibular third molar and histologically after surgical bone defect in guinea pig. Material and Methods: Clinical Assessment; Ten patients seeking surgical extraction of bilateral mandibular impacted third molars. The receptor sites of Melatonin (study sites) and which side operated first were randomly divided. All patients were assessed clinically. A) Immediate post-operative evaluation: Regarding pain, visual analog scale (VAS) was used. Also swelling was evaluated through 2nd, 4th, and 7th days postoperatively. B) Delayed post-operative evaluation:. Regarding to periodontal health by pocket depth and clinical attachment loss at 1st week, 1st and 6th month. And bone density using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) at 1st and 6th month postoperatively. Experimental Assessment; Bilateral cortical bony defects were prepared in the submental mandibular area of twelve guinea pigs. The right bone defects were filled with melatonin (study group) and left bone defects left empty. Each group was equally subdivided into four subgroups for further histological assessment either at 1st, 2nd, 4th and 6th week of follow up. Results: Clinically. A) Immediate post-operative evaluation: Comparing both groups, no significant differences were recorded regarding to severity of pain at 2nd, 4th and 7th days (P ≤ 0.714, o.449, 0.542 respectively) and regarding to 3 measurements of swelling (A, B and C) after 2nd, 4th and 7th days (P ≤ 0.98, 0.97, 0.94, 0.97, 1.00, 0.95, 0.92, 0.94, 0.89 respectively). B) Delayed post-operative evaluation: Comparing both groups, no significant differences were recorded regarding to PD at 1st week and 1st month (P ≤ 0.67, 0.30 respectively) but significant difference was recorded at 6th month (P ≤ 0.04).For evaluating clinical attachment loss (CAL) no significant differences were recorded at 1st week, 2nd and 6th month (P ≤ 48, 0.45, 0.11 respectively). Regarding to bone density, significant differences were recorded between both groups either at 1st and 6th month (P ≤ 0.041, 0.001 respectively). Histologically; A high significant differences were recorded between both groups regarding to amount of bone formation at different periods of follow up either 1st, 2nd, 4th, and 6 week (P ≤ 0.001). Conclusion: On local application of Melatonin in bone defect, a positive impact on bone healing can be expected.