الفهرس 
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Abstract
The main conclusions derived from this study can be summarized as follows:
• The XRD patterns show that the nickel oxides samples are composed of single phase and highly pure nanoparticles. Nickel oxides prepared by precipitation and organic solvent methods show high crystallinity , while that prepared by the microwave technique shows very small particle size with partially amorphous character.
• The XRD patterns obtained for cobalt oxide samples prepared by different methods show an amorphous phase that there was no noticeable diffraction peaks in their XRD patterns related to the poorly crystalline cobalt oxide.