الفهرس 
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Abstract
Present study includes some head lines to elucidate the chemical composition of Globe Artichoke (Cynara cardunculus), Achillea (Achillea millefolium), Pot Marigold (Calendula officinalis) and Chamomile (Matricaria chamomille) flowers belong to family Compositae. such as moisture, ash, crude fiber, crude protein, crude lipids, total sugars, soluble sugars and insoluble sugars contents. Also, minerals, polyphenols and total flavonoids which were determined. Reducing power, antioxidant activities, antibacterial activities and antitumor effect on tumor mice which were carried out using the methanolic and aqueous extracts of the investigated flowers. • Chemical analysis for investigated flowers leads to the following points:< 1. Moisture content for air dried investigated flowers which were 11.16, 9.45, 12.62 and 9.76% for C. cardunculus, A. millefolium, C. officinalis and M. chamomille, respectively. 2. Ash, crude fiber, crude lipids, crude protein, total sugars, reducing sugar and non-reducing sugars which were determined in C. cardunculus, A. millefolium, C. officinalis and M. chamomille flowers. All results which were calculated as (g/100g dry weight). Cynara cardunculus and Achillea millefolium flowers have the lowest percentage values for ash which were 4.34 and 3.71%, respectively. While, the lowest percentage value of protein was 4.82% for Matricaria chamomille flowers. On the other hand, the same flowers have the highest values of crude fiber contents which which were 33.72, 36.31 and 37.44 % for C. cardunculus, A. millefolium and M. chamomille flowers. respectively. 3. Calendula officinalis flowers have the lower value of crude fiber which was 28.15%. While, the same plant have the highest values of lipids and crude protein which were 2.19 and 19.58%, respectively.. On the other hand, M. chamomille flowers have the higher values of ash, total sugars, reducing sugar and non-reducing sugar which which were 6.77, 49.50 22.52 and 26.89%, respectively. than A. millefolium flowers which which were 36.31, 26.60, 20 and 46.62% for crude fiber, total sugars, reducing sugar and non-reducing sugar contents, respectively. 4. Calcium, Magnesium, Copper, zinc, Manganese and iron which were found in C. cardunculus, A. millefolium, C. officinalis and M. chamomille flowers. in considerable amounts. Calcium was the main element in all samples which ranged from 625 to 972 mg/100g on dry weight basis in A. millefolium and C. officinalis, respectively. Also, Magnesium contain, of C. cardunculus, A. millefolium and C. officinalis was 525, 298 and 245.1 mg/100gm, respectively. 5. The phytochemical constituents of crude methanolic and aqueous extracts of C. cardunculus, A. millefolium, C. officinalis and M. chamomille flowers proved that the crude extracts of investigated flowers, which were rich in terpenes, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, carbohydrate or glycosides, phenolic glycosides and saponins within the acceptable limits. On the other hand, all extracts which were poor in resins. 6. Total polyphenols (mgGAE/g) content of C. cardunculus, A. millefolium, C. officinalis and M. chamomille flowers, which were 81.77, 65.44, 86.11 and 76.22, mgGAE/g dry weight for total polyphenols, respectively. 7. Total flavonoids which were ranged from 6.82, 6.77, 11.59 and 5.70 mgQE/g on dry weight basis for C. cardunculus, A. millefolium, C. officinalis and M. chamomille flowers, respectively. 8. HPLC analysis of polyphenolic compounds in C. cardunculus, A. millefolium, C. officinalis and M. chamomille flowers, contained as authentic samples namely: gallic, pyrogallol, 4-amino benzoic, protocatechuic, cataehein, chlorogenic, catechol, e.picatechen, caffien, p.oh.benzoic, caffeic, vanillic, ferulic, ellagic, benzoic acid, salicylic acid, coumarin and cinnamic acid. with different concentrations comparing with standard compounds. 9. HPLC of Flavonoids compounds in C. cardunculus, A. millefolium, C. officinalis, and M. chamomille flowers, contained as authentic samples namely: Narengin, Rutin, Hisperdin, Romarinic, Quereitrin, Quereetrin, Narenginin, Kampferol, Luteolin, Hispertin, and 7-Hydoxyflavon with different concentrations comparing with standard compounds. • The reducing ability increased with increasing the methanolic and aqueous extracts concentrations for all samples. C. officinalis flowers have the highest reducing power which was ranged from 0.5054 to 1.8019 for methanolic extract at the concentrations of 20 and 80 mg/ml, respectively. While, C. cardunculus, A. millefolium and M. chamomille flowers, which were 0.7991, 0.9409 and 0.9965 for methanolic extract at concentration of 80 mg/ml, respectively. Also, C. officinalis flowers have the highest reducing power which was ranged from 0.4215 to 1.3153 for aqueous extract at the concentrations of 20 and 80 mg/ml, respectively. While, C. cardunculus, A. millefolium and M. chamomille flowers, which were 0.7721, 0.8312 and 0.8946 for aqueous extract at concentration of 80 mg/ml, respectively. • The capacity of investigated flowers extracts to scavenge the ABTS radical proved that crude methanolic extract of C. officinalis flowers have the lowest absorbance value (0.062) with the highest value of inhibition percentage (90.17) followed by M. chamomille flowers which have 88.83% as inhibition capacity. Moreover, the capacity of C. cardunculus and A. millefolium methanolic flowers extracts to scavenge the ABTS radical was 83.10 and 72.44%, respectively. While, ABTS radical proved that crude aqueous extract of C. officinalis flowers have the lowest absorbance value (0.059) with the highest value of inhibition percentage 79.31% followed by M. chamomille flowers which have 76.15% as inhibition capacity. Moreover, the capacity of C. cardunculus and A. millefolium methanolic flowers extracts to scavenge the ABTS radical was 74.81 and 68.02%, respectively. • The effect of various concentrations (1.5, 3 and 6 mg/ml) of C. cardunculus, A. millefolium, C. officinalis, and M. chamomille flowers, crude methanolic flowers extract on the growth inhibition of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtillis, showed that C. officinalis and M. chamomille flowers for methanolic extract produced the highest growth inhibition (43.88 and 42.11%) against Bacillus subtillis at 6 mg/ml. While, the percentages of growth inhibition for C. cardunculus and A. millefolium flowers extracts which were (26.09 and 19.15 %) against the same microbial with the same concentration, respectively. Also, aqueous extract produced the highest growth inhibition (29.99 and 29.22 %) against Bacillus subtillis at 6 mg/ml. While, the percentages of growth inhibition of C. cardunculus and A. millefolium flowers extracts which were (23.46 and 16.28 %) against the same microbial with the same concentration, respectively. • Antitumor effect of crude methanolic and aqueous extracts of investigated flowers on solid ehrlich carcinoma mice leads to the following points:
1. The injection of ehrlich which were implanted subcutaneously into the right thigh of the hind limb of mice. Ehrlich solid tumor mice 0.2ml, 1X106 at 12 days. tumor size in 21days of normal and ehrlich mice, which were 0.00 and 513.6 mm, 2. All investigated flowers extracts and doxorubicin showed a significant decrease in tumor size with different values. The most effective treatment was the doxorubicin 15mg/kg, methanolic and aqueous extracts of C. officinalis, flowers 200mg/kg body weight after 21, which decreased tumor size, which were 19.2, 124.5 and 139.8 mm, respectively. While, crude methanolic extracts of M. chamomille and A. millefolium flowers, decreased tumor size, which were 184.3, 210.9 and 157.1mm, respectively. While, the effects of aqueous extracts, which were 198.7, 223.5 and 168.7mm, respectively. 3. Moreover, The most effective treatment was the doxorubicin 15mg/kg, methanolic and aqueous extracts of C. officinalis, flowers 200mg/kg body weight after 21, which decreased Survival rate, which were 85.7, 85.7 and 57.1%, respectively. While, crude methanolic extracts of M. chamomille and A. millefolium flowers, decreased tumor size, Survival rate which were 57.1, 42.8, and 57.1%, respectively. While, the effects of aqueous extracts, which were 57.1, 71.4 and 57.1%, respectively. 4. The malondialdehyde (MDA), with injection of ehrlich increased from 3.7 to 7.2µmol/ml, while the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), decreased from 0.529 to 0.454mmol/L, also the total superoxide dismutase (SOD), decreased from 1.67 to 1.23U/g, in comparison with normal mice at zero time. All methanolic and aqueous extracts of investigated flowers reduced the antioxidant with different values during the experimental period to reach the maximum reduction after 21 days and at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight, as compared with doxorubicin 15mg/kg. 5. The injection with tumor induced a markedly increase in ALT, AST, Total proteins, increased significantly from 17.86, 35.15, 6.28, U/L, in normal mice to 33.38, 74.12, 5.01, U/L, in tumor mice, respectively. While, decrease in Albumin, from 2.97 to 1.99 U/L. All methanolic and aqueous extracts of investigated flowers reduced both parameters with various abilities during the experimental period to reach the maximum reduction after 21 days and at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight, as compared with doxorubicin 15mg/kg. 6. Intra peritoneal injection of ehrlich which were increased serum creatinine from 0.58 to 1.46 mg/ml, while the blood urea decreased from 78.45 to 49.91 mg/ml in comparison with normal mice at zero time. All methanolic and aqueous extracts of investigated flowers reduced the two parameters with different values during the experimental period to reach the maximum reduction after 21 days and at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight, as compared with doxorubicin 15mg/kg. 7. Serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL and vLDL values increased from 376, 69.43, 98.5, 13.35 and 19.7 mg/dl in non-tumor mice to 473.6, 98.01, 156.6, 45.35 and 31.32 mg/dl in diabetic rats, respectively, by injection with Ehrlich solid tumor mice 0.2ml, 1X106 at 12 days. On the other hand, highly significant decrease in serum HDL level to obtain a value of 21.35 mg/dl for tumor mice comparing with 36.38 mg/dl for normal mice at the beginning of experiment 8. All crude methanolic and aqueous extracts of investigated flowers reduced Serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL and vLDL with varied levels during the experimental period to be near the normal levels after 21 days at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight, was compared with doxorubicin 15mg/kg. While, HDL values increased to achieve the near normal values after 21days at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight of crude methanolic and aqueous extracts of investigated flowers, was compared with doxorubicin 15mg/kg, in various levels. 9. The hematological parameters, with injection of ehrlich decreased the level Hemoglobin (HG), in normal and tumor control mice, which were 12.89 and 8.30 g/dl, also, the level platelet blood test (Plt), in normal and tumor control mice, decreased from 1279 to 173 (103/μl), while, increased the level white blood cells (WBCs), in normal and tumor control mice, which were 11.23 and 24.23 (103/μl), respectively. All methanolic and aqueous extracts of investigated flowers reduced the hematological, with different values during the experimental period to reach the maximum reduction after 21 days and at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight, as compared with doxorubicin 15mg/kg. 10. The histopathological examination of the Tumor tissue confirmed that the normal organs architecture was damaged after bearing tumor 1X106 at 12 days, caused damage and degeneration in the selected organs. Whereas, all crude methanolic and aqueous extracts of investigated flowers improved the histopathology of the selected organs near to normal with comparable abilities at end of the experimental period at a dose of 200 mg/kg, body weight. as compared with doxorubicin 15mg/kg. Recommendations: The impact of natural extracts as antioxidant tested with (DPPH-ABTS-FRAB) the results showed the ability of these plants to scavenging the free radicals in laboratory. The effect of (DOX) to inhibit tumor is relatively higher than the effect of plant extracts (Artichokes, achillea and chamomile) while calendula extract was equal to the chemical compound as antitumor. However, industrial antitumor (DOX) proved side effects, while medicinal plants under investigation are natural antioxidants and anti-tumor have no harmful effects to health as food and pharmaceutical relevance for humans.