الفهرس 
REVIEW OF LITERATURE………………………….Only 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder in which the body cannot
metabolize carbohydrates, fats, and proteins because a lack of, or
ineffective use of the hormone insulin. Diabetes Mellitus is also a major
disease because it affects most part of the body and every cell of the
human physiology so; diabetes mellitus can be considered a major cause
of morbidity and mortality. Cigarette smoking is recognized as one of the
most important preventable causes of premature death, mainly because it
increases the risk of heart disease, diabetes, lung cancer, respiratory
disorders and other illnesses. Smoking may increase the risk of
developing diabetes because the nicotine leads to release catecholamine
which can affect carbohydrate metabolism.
Some of dietary supplements such as vitamin E, garlic and
essential phospholipids have been therapeutically used to correct
abnormalities obtained as a complication of combined effects of both
diabetes and smoking. Eighty (80) adult male albino rats (150 + 30 g)
were classified into ten groups (each eight) as follows: GP (1) Normal
blank control group (C); rats were enrolled as a normal blank control
group: GP (2) Diabetic control group (STZ); rats were sub-cutaneously
injected with a single dose of STZ (60 mg/kg.b.wt): GP (3) Nicotinized
control group (Nic.); rats were sub-cutaeously injected three times per
day with nicotine in a dose of 1.2 mg/kg.b.wt per a dose (3.6 mg/kg.b.wt),
for six (6) weeks: GP (4) Diabetic, nicotinized control group (STZ+Nic.);
rats were subjected to certain treatments with two different agents; STZ
as in group 2 and with nicotine as in group 3: Group (5) (STZ+VE);
diabetic rats were orally administered with vitamin E daily in a dose of 36
mg/kg.b.wt for 6 weeks: Group (6) (STZ+G); diabetic rats were orally
administered with garlic suspension daily in a dose of 54 mg/kg.b.wt for
6 weeks: Group (7) (STZ+ESS.); diabetic rats were orally administered
with essential phospholipids daily in a dose of 108 mg/kg.b.wt for 6
weeks: Group (8) (STZ+Nic.+VE); diabetic, nicotinized rats were orally
administered with vitamin E daily in a dose of 36 mg/kg.b.wt for 6
weeks: Group (9) (STZ+Nic.+G); diabetic, nicotinized rats were orally
administered with garlic suspension daily in a dose of 54 mg/kg.b.wt for
6 weeks: Group (10) (STZ+Nic.+ESS.); diabetic, nicotinized rats were
orally administered with essential phospholipids daily in a dose of 108
mg/kg.b.wt for 6 weeks. At the propitiate experimental periods rats from
each group were successively subjected to retro-orbital venous blood
sampling after the termination of 2, 4 and 6 weeks and the biochemical
analysis of serum glucose, malondialdehyd (MDA), reduced glutathione
(GSH), total cholesterol (T-Ch), triglycerides (TG), LDL-cholesterol,
HDL-cholesterol and blood glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were
determined.
The results showed that injection of STZ , nicotine and combined
injection of both leads to increase the levels of serum glucose, T-Ch, TG,
LDL-C, MDA and blood glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c). It also leads
to decrease levels of serum HDL-C and GSH but treatment with dietary
supplements (vitamin E, garlic and essential phospholipids) leads to
lower the levels of serum glucose, T-Ch, TG, LDL-C, MDA and blood
glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c). It also leads to elevated levels of
serum HDL-C and GSH in treatment groups, but vitamin E showed a
potent effect in improving the oxidative stress. Garlic treatment showed
the best effect in improving hypoglycemia and the potent effect of
essential phospholipids was through improving hyperli