الفهرس 
1. INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Oxidative stress is recognized as a main causative of liver diseases, since the oxidative stress may lead to damage of hepatocytes. Many naturally occurring compounds of antioxidative action are known to protect liver cells from damage. Phenolic compounds in herbs and plants can remove toxic elements due to antioxidative activity. The present work was thereby conducted to evaluate the potential effect of celandine ( Chelidonium majus ) , argel ( Solenostemma argel ), burdock ( Arctium lappor ) herbs and their equalized mix ( at 7.5 % ) for detoxification of hepatointoxicated rats injected by CCl4 injection.
To achieve these aims, the design of the study were as follows :
Thirty six (36) rats fed on standard diet for 7 days for adaptation; only (n= 36 rats) were injected by Ccl4 to induce liver damage. All rats were divided into 6 groups ( 6 rats each ) ; all groups were fed for 4 weeks according to the following groups:
Group (1): Rats (n=6) was fed on basal diet only as negative control group.
Group (2): Rats were kept without any treatment as a positive control group (C+ ve) (rates =6) and fed on basal diet after injection with Ccl4.
Group (3): Rats (n=6) were injected by CCl4 then fed on basal diet containing 7.5% celandine.
Group (4): Rats (n=6) were injected by CCl4then fed on basal diet containing 7.5% argel.
Group (5): Rats (n=6) were injected by CCl4then fed on basal diet containing 7.5% burdock.
Group (6): Rats (n=6) were injected by CCl4then fed on basal diet containing 7.5% of the three herbs with equal ratio (1:1:1 W/W).
At the end of experiment (4 weeks), the blood samples were collected after 12 hours fasting and serum separated for determination of:
lipid profile including cholesterol, tri-glycride (T.G), high density lipoprotein (HDL.c), low density lipoprotein (LDLc), very low density lipoprotein (VLDLc), Atherogenic index, urea, creatinine, uric acid, glucose, albumin, globulin, total protein, albumin/globulin ratio, serum liver enzymes (ALT, AST ALT/AST and ALP), GPX, SOD and CAT.
At the same time, the organs heart, liver, kidney, spleen and pancreas were removed washed in saline solution, dried by filter paper, weighted, and stored frozen in formalin solution 10% for histopathological examinations.
Biological, biochemical and histopathological change were investigated. Moreover, evaluation of anticancer activity of the three herbs against two human cancer strains, being liver cancer and colon cancer using sulphorhodamine –B( SRB ) assay.
Statistical analysis:
The data were statistically analyzed using a computerized costat program by one way ANOVA. The results are presented as Mean ± SD; differences between treatments at (P<0.05) were considered significant.
The results arrived at revealed the following:
1. Body weight gain ( BWG ) of hepatointoxicated rats reduced appreciably by CCL4 injection showing 78.8 % decrease of control ( + ) compared to control ( – ) group. On the contrary, celandine, argel, burdock diets and their mix reversed such a change. Best treatment recorded for the mix diet, followed by burdock, argel and celandine herbs. Although celandine diet was of least effect, improvement due to this diet was considerable revealing 281 % increase compared to that of control ( + ) group within 28 days only of nutritional intervention.
2. Hepatointoxication reduced the FI of rats, while feeding on herbs and their mix reversed such a change. Best treatment was that of the mix diet, while considering the three herbs the best one recorded for the burdock diet.
3. FER reduced appreciably due to hepatointoxication, while the reverse was observed when the afflicted rats fed on herbs diets and their mix. The best FER was found for the herbal mix as in case of BWG & FI, while best individual herb was that of burdock. Such results indicated the synergistic action for the three herbs collection.
4. The liver weight was increased by hepatotoxicity, while decreased by feeding diets containing celandine, argel & burdock powders as well as their mix. The latter was the most effective treatment.
5. Heart weight increased by hepatointoxication, while was reduced by herbs diets, specially the burdock diet. Best treatment was that of the herbal mix diet.
6. The weight of kidney increased due to hepatotoxicity but was connected by nutritional intervention using powders of celandine, argel, burdock and in particular the herbal mix indicating the synergistic action. Considering individual herbs, burdock diet was the best. Both burdock & argel treatments showed kidney weight values which were nonsignificantly different in comparison with that of control ( – ) group.
7. Hepatointoxication raised the spleen weight which decreased when feeding on diets containing herbs and their mix. Best treatment was that of the mix diet, while among individual herbal diets, that of burdock was the best.
8. Hepatointoxication raised the lung weight of rats, which was decreased when feeding celandine, argel and burdock diets as well as their mix. Best treatment was that of the mix, while among the individual herbs, burdock diet was the best.
9. AST was raised by hepatointoxication, while feeding on diets containing powders of celandine, argel, burdock and their mix lowered the AST activity. Among individual herbs burdock diet was the best, but the mix diet was the best of all.
10. ALT activity increased due to Hepatointoxication, while feeding on celandine, argel and specially the burdock diet reversed this change. Nevertheless, the mix diet was the best treatment.
11. Hepatointoxication raised the AST / ALT ratio ( from 2.83 to 3.35 U / L ), while feeding on diets containing celandine, argel and specially the burdock lowered this ratio. Nevertheless the best effect recorded for the mix diet, indicating the synergistic action.
12. Hepatointoxication increased the level of ALP activity, while feeding on diets containing celandine, argel, burdock and their mix reversed such change.
13. Inflicting rats with hepatointoxication lowered the total protein ( T. protein ) in serum, which was raised when diseased rats fed on diets containing celandine, argel, burdock and their mix.
14. Albumin ( A ) level reduced due to hepatointoxication, while was raised when inflicted rats fed on diets containing celandine, argel, burdock and their mix. Best treatment for both T. protein and albumin recorded for the mix, while considering individual herbs the best one was burdock.
15. Globulin ( G ) was raised in serum due to hepatointoxication. Meanwhile feeding on herbs, specially the burdock lowered the globulin fraction. Nevertheless, the best treatment was that of the mix diet.
16. A / G ratio declined due to hepatointoxication, which was reversed when afflicted rats fed on celandine, argel, burdock and the mix. The best treatment was that of the mix diet, followed bu that of burdock.
17. Total cholesterol ( T.C ) was raised in serum of hepatointoxicated rats, but reduced when feeding on diets containing celandine, argel, burdock and their mix. Burdock was the best among individual herbs, while the mix diets was the best all.
18. Triglycerides ( T.G ) increased in serum due to CCl4 injection, while decreased remarkably upon feeding rats diets containing the herbs, in particular that of burdock, nevertheless lowest T.G recorded for the mix diet treatment.
19. VLDL was increased in serum of hepatointoxicated rats, while was decreased when diseased rats consumed diets containing celandine, argel, burdock and their mix. Best treatment was that of the mix diet, while among individual herbs burdock diet was the best.
20. HDL reduced in serum of hepatointoxication rats, while was raised by intake of celandine, argel, burdock and their mix diets. Highest HDL compared to control ( + ) group recorded for the mix diet, meanwhile among the individual herbs only burdock diet was the best.
21. LDL was considerably raised due to CCl4 injection, while decreased by the intake of diets containing celandine, argel, burdock and their mix. Best treatment was that of the mix diet, which showed nonsignificantly different LDL level compared to control ( – ) group. Meanwhile among individual herbs diets only, burdock one was the best.
22. Atherogenic index ( AI ) was greatly increased due to hepatointoxication, while considerably decreased, provided that best treatment was that of the mix diet which showed nonsignificantly different AI compared to control ( – ) group. Considering individual herbs only, burdock diet was the best.
23. Although celandine was of lowest effect, this treatment revealed considerable improvement of the lipids profile in serum of hepatointoxicated rats.
24. CCl4 injection raised the level of serum creatinine, whicj was reduced due to feeding on herbs diets, specially the mix. Among individual herbs only, the best treatment was that of burdock.
25. Hepatointoxication affected the kidney function as creatinine increased in serum considerably. By feeding on herbs diets the reverse was found, in particular for the mix diet, where creatinine was even less than that recorded for the healthy rats ( control ” – ” group ). Burdock diet creatinine revealed nonsignificant difference compared to that of both mix diet and control ( – ) group.
26. Urea increased in serum due to Hepatointoxication, but decreased when afflicted rats fed on herbs diets, specially the mix which showed values which were nonsignificantly different compared to control ( – ) group. Considering individual herbs, burdock diet proved to be the best treatment.
27. Hepatointoxication deteriorated renal function leading to increase of serum uric acid considerably. Nevertheless feeding on diets containing celandine, argel, burdock and specially the herbal mix diet lowered the level of uric acid. Considering the individual herbs, burdock diet was the best.
28. Even the celandine diet which showed the least improvement of renal function, the decrease of creatinine, urea and uric acid in serum were appreciable indicating also considerable improvement of the renal function.
29. Serum glucose was raised due to hepatointoxication, while reduced appreciably when afflicted rats fed on diets containing the herbs, in particular the herbal mix diet. Considering the individual herbs burdock diet was the best.
30. Catalase activity (CAT) reduced greatly due to hepatointoxication, while was increased when inflicted rats fed on diets containing celandine, argel, burdock herbs and their mix. The latter treatment was the best showing highest increase of CAT, while burdock diet was the best considering individual herbs diets.
31. Super oxide dismutase ( SOD ) activity of hepatointoxicated rats decreased considerably by CCl4 injection, while was raised when feeding on diet containing celandine, argel, burdock diets and their mix. Best treatment was found for the mix, while the three other individual herbs diets raised also the SOD activity with nonsignificant difference between them.
32. GPX of hepatointoxicated rats was greatly less than that of the healthy group. Nevertheless feeding on herbs raised the level of GPX activity, specially that of the herbal mix diet. Also, among individual herbs only the burdock diet was the best.
33. Phenolic compounds of 3 herbs were quantified. It was found that total content of selected 4 phenols ( Benzoic, pyrogallol, protocacheolic and gallic acid ) in burdock ( 7700 mg / 100 g ), argel ( 5200 mg / 100 g ) and celandine ( 3260 mg / 100 g ) and their percentages % of total phenols ( 19.66 %, 12.86 % & 7.62 % ) were inline, showing same descending order of arrangement, compared to biological and biochemical improvements due to the 3 herbs diets, and may possibly be responsible for improvements in hepatointoxicated rats.
34. A numbers of three herbs extracts were evaluated for anticancer cytotoxic activity using cell lines of liver and colon by sulforhodamine ( SRB ) assay. Herbs extracts were that of celandine ( Chelidonium majus L. ), argel (Solenostemma argel L.) and burdock ( Arctium lappa L. ) as well as the herbal mixture extracts.
35. IC 50 ( does of the tested compound which reduces survival cell to 50 % ) using liver line values were ( 3.38, 5.03, 7.28 & 4.88 ) for burdock, celandine, argel and the mixture respectively; being for colorectal line ( 10.30, 4.13, 3.58 & 4.13 ) mg / ml respectively.
36. Best herb for HEPG2 ( liver carcinoma cell line ) was the burdock extract, and for 1 HCT1 ( colon carcinoma cell line ) was the argel extract, indicating that each single herbs should be tested individually for different cancer types.
37. Hepatointoxication lead to pronounced changes in the structure of liver ( dilation and congestion of central vein, congestion of central vein and necrosis of sporadic hepatocytes ), aorta ( vacuolation of tunica media ) and kidneys ( vacuolation of epithelial lining of renal tubules and vacuolation of endothelial lining of glomerular tufts ). Meanwhile due to feeding on herbs diets such changes corrected greatly. For retaining the original structure, however, more feeding time seems to be needed.