الفهرس 
Effect of organic fertilizationOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Tow field experiments were carried out during the three successive seasons of 2012, 2013 and 2014 in a private orchard located at Ismailia governorate, Egypt. The first experiment was to study effect of some combinations of organic fertilizers (sheep manure and Poultry manure) with bio-fertilizer a liquid microbial mixture on the vegetative growth, leaf pigments and mineral contents, flowering, fruit set and yield, physical and chemical properties of fruit, oil properties and total count of microbes on the soil of Manzanillo olive trees. Second experiment was carried out to study the effect of some combinations of some levels from mineral nitrogen fertilization (25, 50 and 75 %) with bio-fertilizer a liquid microbial mixture on the same measurements of the first experiment of Manzanillo olive trees. First experiment: Effect of bio-fertilization with two different forms of organic fertilization, this experiment included seven treatments as follows: T1- 100% mineral nitrogen fertilization (1000 g N/tree) (control) (MNF100%). T2- Sheep manure + bio-fertilizer (2 liter/ tree) (SMB2). T3- Sheep manure + bio-fertilizer (1 liter/ tree) (SMB1).T4- Sheep manure (SM). T5- Poultry manure + bio-fertilizer (2 liter/ tree) (PMB2). T6- Poultry manure + bio-fertilizer (1 liter/ tree) (PMB1). T7- Poultry manure (PM).
The results could be summarized as follows: 1-The highest vegetative growth of olive trees expressed as shoot length and diameter, number of leaves per shoot and leaf area were obtained by application of PMB2 (Poultry Manure + Bio-fertilizer 2liter) and SMB2 (Sheep Manure + Bio-fertilizer 2liter). Lower values of vegetative growth were obtained by SM (sheep manure) and PM (poultry manure) compared with other treatments. 2-Chlorophyll A and B contents of tree leaves were higher by application of PMB2 and SMB2 in the three seasons. Lower Chlorophyll A and B contents were recorded by sheep and poultry manure without bio-fertilizer (SM and PM). For carotene it was no clear trend during the seasons of the study, however, the highest leaf carotene content gave with SMB2, PMB2 and MNF100% in the first, second and third seasons respectively. On the other side, the lowest leaf carotene content was recorded with MNF100% (100% Mineral Nitrogen Fertilization) in first season and SMB2 in the second and third seasons. 3-Leaf content of N and K were increased in the second and third seasons than in the first one. The highest leaf nitrogen and potassium contents were recorded with PMB2 and SMB2. Lower values of Leaf content of N and K were obtained by SM (sheep manure) and PM (poultry manure) compared with other treatments. 4- Leaf content of P was insignificant difference in the three seasons, however, the highest increasing insignificantly obtained by PMB2 in the three seasons of study. 5-The highest leaf content of Fe, Zn and Mn were obtained by application of PMB2 (Poultry Manure + Bio-fertilizer 2liter) and SMB2 (Sheep Manure + Bio-fertilizer 2liter). On the other hand, Lower values of Fe and Zn were obtained by SM (sheep manure), put SM and PM gave the lowest value with leaf Mn content. Other treatment in between. 6-Flowering density as number of inflorescences per shoot and meter, the highest number of inflorescences per shoot and meter were obtained by the additions PMB2, SMB2 and PMB1. The lowest value of number of inflorescences per shoot and meter were recorded by SM (sheep manure without bio-fertilizer) at most dates. 7-The highest number of flowers per inflorescence and sex ratio were recorded by treatment PMB2 (Poultry Manure + Bio-fertilizer 2liter) with the all dates. On the other hand, the additions SM and PM gave the lowest number of flowers per inflorescence and sex ratio in the three seasons of study. 8-pollen grains germination was significantly affected with different fertilizer treatments and the best value obtained by the additions SMB2 and PMB2. On the contrary, lower pollen germination was recorded by SM (sheep manure) at most dates. 9- Percentage of initial and final fruit set were higher by application of PMB2 in all seasons of study. However, lowest percentages of initial and final fruit set were recorded by the sheep manure without bio-fertilizer (SM). 10-The lowest of fruit DROP percentage gave with the additions sheep manure + bio-fertilizer 2liter (SMP2) and MNF100%, higher percentage of fruit DROP recorded by PM and PMB1 at the most dates. 11-The highest yield per tree was recorded by treatment PMB2 (Poultry Manure + Bio-fertilizer 2liter) with the all dates. On the other hand, the addition SM gave the lowest numbers of kilograms from fruits per tree in the three seasons of study. 12-The physical characteristics of fruits were enhanced by PMB2 application. Fruit weight, fruit volume, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit shape index and pulp weight recorded higher value by the application of poultry manure + bio-fertilizer 2liter (PMB2) compared with the other treatments. Lowest values were obtained by the additions SM and PM at most dates 13-Specific gravity was insignificant difference in the three seasons in between treatments. however, seed weight and pulp/seed ratio were without clear trend relation to treatments in the three seasons, while the highest seed weight was recorded by PM, MNF100% and PMB2 in the first, second and third seasons respectively, and the highest pulp/seed ratio was obtained by additions PMB2 and SMB1 at most date. On the other hand, lowest seed weight was obtained with SMB2, SM and SMB1 in the first, second and third seasons respectively, put the less values of pulp/seed ratio were recorded by the applications PM and MNF100% at most dates. 14-Fruit moisture content was without clear trend relation to treatments in the three seasons, while the highest fruit moisture was recorded by SMB1, PMB1 and (PMB1 and MNF100%) in the first, second and third seasons respectively. On the other hand, lowest fruit moisture content was obtained with PMB2, PM and (PMB2 and SMB2) in the first, second and third seasons respectively. 15-The highest flesh oil content was recorded by treatments PMB2 (Poultry Manure + Bio-fertilizer 2liter) and MNF100% with the all dates. On the other hand, the additions SM gave the lowest flesh oil content at most dates. 16-Fruit content of NO3 was higher in the first season than in the second and third seasons. 100 % mineral nitrogen fertilization (MNF100%) gave the highest fruit content of NO3 in the three seasons, while SMP2 gave the lowest fruit content of NO3 followed by PMB2. Other treatments were intermediate. 17-Acidity in olive oil was lower in the third season than in the first and second seasons. Oil acidity was higher by application of SM and PM in all seasons of study. However, lowest oil acidity was recorded by the sheep manure + bio-fertilizer 2liter (SMB2) and poultry manure + bio-fertilizer 2liter (PMB2). Moreover, the highest peroxide value of olive oil was recorded by treatments MNF100% and SM, also the lowest value was obtained by additions SMB2 and PMB2 at most dates. In this manner, application by PMB2 and SMB2 gave the highest iodine value of oil at all seasons, additionally the treatments SM and SMB1 gave the lowest iodine value of oil at most dates. Meanwhile, refractive index (RI) was insignificant between the treatments and all treatment gave the refractive index in the normal range of olive oil it was between (1.4680 – 1.4707) at 20°C. 18-Total microbial count in the rhizosphere was higher after the third addition than after the first and second additions compared with zero time (before addition in beginning growing season). The treatment SMB2 (Sheep Manure + Bio-fertilizer 2liter) and PMB2 (Poultry Manure + Bio-fertilizer 2liter) gave the highest total microbial count in rhizosphere after the first, second and third additions. On the other hand, the lowest total microbial count were recorded with the treatments (SM, PM and MNF100% without bio-fertilizer). Other treatment in between. Second experiment: Effect of bio-fertilization with different levels of mineral nitrogen fertilization, this experiment included four treatments as follows: T1- 100% mineral nitrogen fertilization (1000 g N/tree) (MNF100%). T2- 75% mineral nitrogen fertilization (750 g N/tree) + bio-fertilization (2liter / tree) (B+MNF75%). T3- 50% mineral nitrogen fertilization (500 g N/tree) + bio-fertilization (2liter / tree) (B+MNF50%). T4- 25% mineral nitrogen fertilization (250 g N/tree) + bio-fertilization (2liter / tree) (B+MNF25%).The results could be summarized as follows: 1-The highest vegetative growth of olive trees expressed as shoot length and diameter, number of leaves per shoot and leaf area were obtained by application of B+MNF75% (bio-fertilizer + 75% Mineral Nitrogen Fertilization). Lower values of vegetative growth were obtained by B+MNF25% (bio-fertilizer + 25% Mineral Nitrogen Fertilization) compared with other treatments. 2-Chlorophyll A and B contents of tree leaves were higher by application of B+MNF75% and MNF100% in the three seasons. The lower Chlorophyll A and B contents were recorded by the treatment B+MNF25%. For carotene it was no clear trend during the seasons of the study, however, the highest leaf carotene content gave with (B+MNF75% and MNF100%), B+MNF75% and B+MNF50% in the first, second and third seasons respectively. On the other side, the lowest leaf carotene content was recorded with B+MNF25%. 3-Leaf content of N and K were increased in the second and third seasons than in the first one. The highest leaf nitrogen and potassium contents were recorded with B+MNF75% Followed by MNF100%. Lower values of Leaf content of N and K were obtained by B+MNF25% (bio-fertilizer + 25% Mineral Nitrogen Fertilization) compared with other treatments. 4- Leaf content of P was insignificant difference in the three seasons, however, the highest increasing insignificantly obtained by B+MNF75% and the less value given by B+MNF25% in the three seasons of study. 5-The highest leaf content of Fe, Zn and Mn were obtained by application of B+MNF75% Followed by MNF100% in the three seasons of study. On the other hand, Lower values of Fe and Zn were obtained by B+MNF25% Followed by B+MNF50% with Mn at most dates. 6-Flowering density as number of inflorescences per shoot and meter, the highest number of inflorescences per shoot and meter were obtained by the addition B+MNF75%. The lowest value of number of inflorescences per shoot was recorded by B+MNF25% (bio-fertilizer + 25% Mineral Nitrogen Fertilization) at most dates. Meanwhile, the less value of number of inflorescences per meter was obtained by B+MNF50%, B+MNF25% and MNF100% in the first, second and third seasons respectively. 7-The highest number of flowers per inflorescence, sex ratio and pollen grains germination were recoded by treatments B+MNF75% (bio-fertilizer + 75% Mineral Nitrogen Fertilization) and MNF100% (100% Mineral Nitrogen Fertilization) at most dates. On the other hand, the addition B+MNF25% gave the lowest number of flowers per inflorescences, sex ratio and pollen grains germination in the three seasons of study. 8- Percentage of initial and final fruit set were higher by application of B+MNF75% in all seasons of study. However, lowest percentages of initial and final fruit set were recorded by the application of B+MNF25% (bio-fertilizer +25% Mineral Nitrogen Fertilization) at most dates.9-The lowest of fruit DROP percentage gave with the addition bio-fertilizer + 75% Mineral Nitrogen Fertilization (B+MNF75%), put higher percentage of fruit DROP recorded by B+MNF50%, MNF100% and B+MNF25% at the first, second and third seasons respectively. 10-The highest yield per tree was recorded by treatment B+MNF75% at all dates. On the other hand, the additions B+MNF25% gave the lowest yield per tree in the three seasons of study. 11-The physical characteristics of fruits were enhanced by PMB2 application. Fruit weight, fruit volume, fruit length, fruit diameter and pulp weight recorded higher value by the application B+MNF75%(bio-fertilizer + 75% Mineral Nitrogen Fertilization) of compared with the other treatments. Lowest values were obtained by the addition bio-fertilizer + 25% Mineral Nitrogen Fertilization (B+MNF25%) at most dates. 12-Specific gravity was insignificant difference in the three seasons in between treatments. However, fruit shape index and seed weight were without clear trend relation to treatments in the three seasons, while the highest values of fruit shape index were recorded by additions B+MNF50%, B+MNF75% and B+MNF25%, also the highest seed weight was recorded by B+MNF75%, B+MNF25% and B+MNF50% in the first, second and third seasons respectively. On the other hand, lowest values of fruit shape index were obtained by additions MNF100% and B+MNF50%. In this manner the less values of seed weight were recorded by the applications MNF100%, B+MNF50% and MNF100% in the first, second and third seasons respectively. 13-Pulp/seed ratio was significantly affected with different fertilizer treatments and the best value obtained by the additions MNF100% in the first and third seasons and B+MNF50% in the second one. On the contrary, pulp/seed ratio was recorded by B+MNF25% at most dates. 14-Fruit moisture content was without clear trend relation to treatments in the three seasons, while the highest fruit moisture was recorded by B+MNF75% in the first season and B+MNF50% in the second season and MNF100% in the third seasons. On the other hand, lowest fruit moisture content was obtained with B+MNF50%, MNF100% and B+MNF75% in the first, second and third seasons respectively. 15-The highest flesh oil content was recorded by treatment B+MNF75% followed by MNF100%. On the other hand, the addition B+MNF25% gave the lowest flesh oil content at most dates. 16-Fruit content of NO3 was higher in the first season than in the second and third seasons. 100 % mineral nitrogen fertilization (MNF100%)gave the highest fruit content of NO3 in the three seasons, while B+MNF25% and B+MNF50% gave the lowest fruit content of NO3. Other treatments in between. 17-Oil acidity was lower in the third season than in the first and second seasons. Oil acidity was higher by application of B+MNF25% in all seasons of study. However, lowest oil acidity was recorded by the B+MNF75% and B+MNF50% at most dates. Moreover, the highest peroxide value of oil fruits was recorded by treatments MNF100%, also the lowest peroxide value was obtained by additions B+MNF25% at most dates. In this manner, application by B+MNF75% gave the highest iodine value of oil followed by MNF100% at most dates, additionally the treatment B+MNF25% gave the lowest iodine value of oil at most dates. Meanwhile, refractive index (RI) was insignificant between the treatments and all treatment gave the refractive index in the normal range of olive oil it was between (1.4680 – 1.4707) at 20°C. 18-Total microbial count in the rhizosphere was higher after the third addition than after the first and second additions compared with zero time (before addition in beginning growing season). The treatment B+MNF75% (bio-fertilizer + 75% Mineral Nitrogen Fertilization) and B+MNF50% (bio-fertilizer + 75% Mineral Nitrogen Fertilization)gave the highest total microbial count in rhizosphere after the first, second and third additions. On the other hand, the lowest total microbial count was recorded with the treatment MNF100% (control). Other treatment in between.