الفهرس 
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Abstract
The aim of the present work was to evaluate the possible adverse effects of repeated administration of Triclabendazole or Levamisole each alone and their concomitant administration in male rats. Experiments were carried out to evaluate their effects on fertility, some biochemical, haematological as well as histopathological effects in male albino rats. In this work, 60 mature albino male rats were divided into 4 equal groups, each of 15 rats. The first group was treated with Triclabendazole at a dose of 35 mg/kg B.W. given orally then repeated after 28 days. The second group was injected with levamisole at a dose of 7.5 mg/kg B.W. S/C then repeated after 28 days. The third group was treated with Triclabendazole (35 mg/kg B.W. orally) concomitantly with levamisole (7.5 mg/kg B.W.S/C) then repeated after 28 days. The fourth group was kept as a control. The obtained results are summarized as follows: I-Effect of triclabendazole, levamisole and their combination on male fertility: Rats treated with triclabendazole showed significant increase in epididymal weight and non-significant effect on weight of testes allover the period of experiment. There was a significant increase in accessory sex organs weight after one month post drug administration as compared to control group. In Levamisole treated group there was a significant increase in the testes, epididymal weight and accessory sex organs two months post drug administration as compared to control group. In triclabendazole in combination with Levamisole treated group there was a significant increase in the testes weight at one and two months post drug administration, epididymal weight expressed significant increase in weight at 2 weeks and 2 months as compared to control group. Administration of triclabendazole produced significant decrease in sperm motility at 2 weeks and significant decrease in sperm cell count with increased sperm abnormalities at all experimental periods as compared to control group. Administration of Levamisole produced significant decrease in sperm motility throughout the whole experimental period and significant increase in sperm cell count 4 weeks post drug administration with significant increase in sperm abnormalities allover the experimental period as compared to control group. In the combination group there was non-significant effect on sperm motility and significant increase in sperm cell count at 2 and 8 week post drug administration with increased sperm abnormalities throughout the whole experimental period. Also, it induced significant increase in testicular total cholesterol level at 4 and 8 week post drug administration, while there was significant increase in tissue ALP activity at 8 week post drug administration. Meanwhile there was non-significant effect on testicular acid phosphatase activity throughout the period of the experiment. Triclabendazole induced significant increase in LDH at 2 and 4 weeks, but it induced significant decrease in testicular protein at 2 weeks post drug administration as compared to control group. Levamisole induced significant increase in testicular total cholesterol , ALP, acid phosphatase and LDH levels throughout the period of the experiment as compared to control group. In the combination group there was significant increase in testicular total cholesterol level throughout the period of the experiment, while there was significant increase in testicular ALP and acid phosphatase activities at 4 and 8 weeks post drug administration. But it viewed significant increase in LDH at 2 and 8 weeks post drug administration as compared to control group. II-Effect of triclabendazole, levamisole and their combination on some biochemical parameters: Administration of triclabendazole induced significant decrease in serum globulin, creatinine and urea levels at two months post drug administration. While there was significant increase in serum total protein and ALP levels at two weeks and two months post drug administration. Serum ALT, AST and total bilirubin activity elicited significant increase at two weeks, and then AST activity was significantly decreased at 8 weeks post drug administration as compared to control group. In levamisole treated group there was significant increase in creatinine level at 2 &4weeks, while evoked significant decrease at two months post drug administration. There was a significant increase in serum total protein and globulin levels at two months post drug administration. Also, serum AL and total bilirubin activities were significantly increased at 2 weeks while there was significant decrease in serum total bilirubin level at 4 weeks. AST activity was significantly increased at 2 and 4 weeks then significantly decreased at 2 months of experiment. ALP activities was significantly increased 2 weeks post drug administration as compared to control group. In the combination group there was significant decrease in creatinine level at two months. Whereas, there was significant increase in serum urea level at two weeks post drug administration. There was a significant increase in serum total protein and globulin levels at two months post drug administration. AST and total bilirubin activities significantly increased at 2 weeks post drug administration while serum total bilirubin significantly decreased at 4 weeks. ALP activities significantly increased at 2 and 8 weeks, while it significantly decreased 4 weeks post drug administration III-Effect of triclabendazole, levamisole and their combination on haematological pictures: There was a significant decrease in hemoglobin level, RBCs count and PCV % at two weeks post drug administration but returned back to normal level one month post drug administration. Also, significant decrease in TLC was recorded at 4 and 8 weeks post drug administration as compared to control group. In levamisole and combination groups there was a significant decrease in Hb. Level and PCV % at two weeks post drug administration. Although, a significant decrease was noticed in RBCs count throughout all experimental period. Moreover levamisole group evoked significant decrease in TLC at 2 and 8 weeks post drug administration compared to control group. IV-Effect of triclabendazole, levamisole and their combination on some organs` weights: There was non-significant effect on liver weight after administration of triclabendazole, levamisole and their combination throughout the period of the experiment. On the other hand, triclabendazole and combination groups showed significant decrease in kidney weight at 2 weeks post drug administration. levamisole induced significant increase in spleen weight only at 2 weeks post drug administration. Triclabendazole and levamisole induced significant decrease in heart weight 2 weeks post drug administration, as compared to control group. V- Histopathological findings: The livers of rats treated with Triclabendazole showed congestion of the central veins and portal blood vessels, degenerative changes of the hepatocytes and focal areas of mononuclear cellular aggregation. The male genital organs and accessory glands revealed congested blood vessels and marked interstitial edema. Seminiferous tubules revealed degenerative changes of the lining epithelium in the form of vacuolar and hydropic degeneration accompanied by incomplete spermatogenesis of some seminiferous tubules. Livers of rats treated with levamisole showed severe congestion of the central veins and portal blood vessels, hyperplasia of the billiary epithelium and formation of newly formed bile ductules. The testes showed severe congestion of testicular blood vessels and the interstitium was edematous. Vacuolation of the lining epithelial cells of some seminiferous tubules accompanied by incomplete spermatogenesis was observed. Livers of rats treated with Triclabendazole in combination with levamisole showed dilatation and congestion of central and portal veins, there were degenerative changes and vacuolar and hydropic degeneration of hepatocytes. The testes showed congested blood vessels and mild interstitial edema. Testicular degeneration of some germ cells, characterized by cytoplasmic vacuolization was occasionally accompanied by incomplete spermatogenesis and absence of spermatozoa in the lumen.