الفهرس 
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Abstract
Cheiloscopy is a method of identification of a person based on the characteristic arrangement of lines appearing on the red part of the lips. Lip prints are promising as a supplementary tool along with other methods to recognize the sex and race of an individual.
The aim of the present work was to study the pattern of lip print in two different populations (Egyptian and Malaysian) and assess the relation of lip print patterns to sex and race identification. It also formulated regression equations for sex and race determination using lip print patterns.
The study was done collectively in the Department of Forensic Medicine & Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University. It was conducted on one hundred and twenty adults’ volunteers divided into two racial groups; the first group included sixty adult Egyptians (30 males and 30 females) and the second one included sixty adult Malaysians (30 males and 30 females). All subjects were medical students for the academic year 2014/ 2015, their age ranged from 20-25 years and were randomly chosen.
For each participant age and race were confirmed. Lip prints were collected with the help of a white filter paper then divided into four quadrants and examined using magnifying lens. Lip prints were classified according to Suzuki and Tsuchihashi classification (which divides lip print patterns into six patterns; type I: clear-cut complete vertical grooves that run across the entire lips, type I’: similar to type I, but incomplete do not cover the entire lips, type II: branched grooves, type III: intersected grooves, type IV: reticular grooves and type V: undetermined).Then, scoring the different types of the lip print pattern in each quadrant was done as the following; type I was given: score 1, type I´: score 2, type II: score 3, type III: score 4, type IV: score 5, type V : score 6)
The data collected were statistically analyzed and used to formulate regression equations for race and sex determination from lip print pattern.
The results of the study revealed that:
- Among the Egyptian group, the age of males ranged from 20.0 – 25.0 years with a mean age of 22.37 ± 1.79 years while that of females ranged from 21.0 – 25.0 years with mean age 22.07 ± 0.78 years. There was no significant difference between both sexes as regard age.
- Regarding the age distribution among Malaysian males the age ranged from 21.0 – 23.0 years with a mean age 22.0 ± 0.74 years and for Malaysian females, the age ranged from 21.0 – 24.0 years with a mean age of 22.30 ± 0.84 years. There was no significant difference between both sexes as regard age.
- Moreover, there was no significant difference between the two populations of both sexes regarding the age.
- The study showed that the lip print pattern type III (36.5%) was the commonest pattern in the whole studied sample while type V was the least recorded pattern (2.9%).
- The two studied populations (Egyptian and Malaysian) have the same order of distribution of different lip print patterns where type III lip print pattern was found to be the predominant (37.5%, and 35.4% respectively) and the least common type was type V (1.7% and 4.2% in that order). No significant difference between the two populations regarding the distribution of different lip print pattern was detected.
- Among Egyptian population; a significant difference between both sexes was detected as type II and III were the most frequent in males (28.3% each) while type I and type V were of least incidence (2.5% for both). On the other hand, in females type III (46.7%) was the predominant pattern and type V (0.8%) was the least one.
- In Malaysian population, type III (41.7%) lip print pattern was the predominant one in males and type V (3.3%) was of least incidence, while type II (30.8%) lip print pattern was predominant in females and type I was of least incidence (4.2%). No significant difference between both sexes was observed in Malaysian population.
- The current study revealed that type III lip print pattern was the most common pattern in the first three quadrants (Q1; 40.8%, Q2;33.3% and Q3; 41.7%) but type II was the most common one in the fourth quadrant (38.3%). Type V was the least common pattern in the first, third and fourth quadrants (2.5% in each) while type I was the least common one (1.7%) in the second quadrant.
- The frequency of repetition of various types of lip prints among Egyptian population was detected as 60% of the Egyptians had similar lip prints pattern in two quadrants (66.7% of males and 53.3% of females), while only 5% showed similarity in four quadrants (3.3% of males and 6.7% of females).
- The similarity in two quadrants among Malaysians was 55% (53.3% of males and 56.7% of females). In addition it was seen that no Malaysian female has the same lip print pattern among the four quadrants but in male, it was presented in 3.3%.
- Quadrant wise analysis regarding race in each sex separately revealed that type III lip print was significantly higher in quadrant two among Malaysian males (56.7%) than Egyptian males (20%). Also, the fourth quadrant showed a significantly higher percentage of type IV lip print among Egyptian males (33.3%) than Malaysian one (10%).
- A statistically significant difference was found in the second quadrant between males of the two populations.
- Type V was detected in Q1 and Q4 in Malaysian males with complete absence in Egyptian males except in quadrant two.
- Type III lip print pattern was significantly higher among Egyptian females (50%) than Malaysian females (23.3%) in the quadrant four. Type V was present in all quadrants among Malaysian females but was only detected in the second quadrant among Egyptian females.
- The present study revealed a significant difference in the lip print pattern distribution in the third and fourth quadrants between Egyptian males and females.
- The fourth quadrant had a significantly higher percentage of type III lip print among Egyptian females (50%) than males (16.7%), but type IV pattern was significantly higher in males (33.3%) than in females (3.3%). Moreover, type IV lip print pattern in the third quadrant was significantly present among Egyptian males (20%) and absent in females.
- The second quadrant showed significant differences in type II between Egyptian males and females as type II pattern was the most common in 36.7% of males but in females it presented only 13.3%.
- Malaysian population showed a statistically significant difference in the second quadrant between Malaysian males and females as type III lip print pattern was significantly predominant among Malaysian males (56.7%) than females (20%). Also, a significantly higher percentage of type IV lip print (43.3%) among Malaysian females than males (10%).
- The study demonstrated complete absence of type V in quadrants 2 and 3 in Malaysian males.
- The study formulated two regression equations for race determination using the lip print pattern in each sex separately with accuracy 65% for males and 66.7% for females.
- Moreover, the study revealed another two regression equations for sex determination within each population with accuracy 68.3% for Egyptian population and 65% for Malaysian population.