الفهرس 
AMD Definition and ClassificationOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Age- Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) formulation (antioxidant vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc) given to patients with intermediate or advanced AMD in one or both eyes reduces the risk of progression to advanced age- related macular degeneration (AMD).
Anti- vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) drugs have dramatically improved the treatment of neovascular AMD.
In recent studies, almost 90% of patients maintain vision, with approximately 30% showing significant improvement. Despite these successes, 10-15% of patients continue to lose vision, even with the treatment.
Ranibizumab and bevacizumab confer equivalent visual function benefits, but the bevacizumab is substantially less expensive. Ranibizumab, and continous treatment, result in significantly better morphological outcomes, but there was no similar difference in visual function. The safety profiles of the two drugs are similar, and do not support an increased risk of arteriothrombotic events with bevacizumab.
Bevacizumab has a longer therapuetic effect than the currently accepted treatment window of 4 weeks. Given at intervals of 4, 6, or 8 weeks had no negative effect on VA outcomes in 2 years, thus decreasing the medical and financial burden.
TA has been widely used in the treatment of macular edema and uveitis. Although a single dose of TA has only a fifth of dexamethasone’s corticosteroid power, it has a much longer duration of action in the vitreous because of its large particle size.
Periocular or intravitreal TA is not recommended as a monotherapy for AMD treatment. However, a combination of anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenic agent may produce synergistic effects, such as inhibiting and minimizing the pathological processes of CNV with infalmmatory components.
The combined therapy also requires fewer treatment cucles of PDT and/or anti- VEGF injections, thereby lowering the cost and discomfort of intravitreal injections. The general outcomeis that TA should be used as an adjuvent therapy combined with PDT and/or anti-VEGF agents for treatment of neovascular AMD.