الفهرس | يوجد فقط 14 صفحة متاحة للعرض العام |
المستخلص The agriculture sector has a vital and important role in advancing economic and social development in Egypt, it is nourishing for many other sectors, especially the manufacturing sector, where supply it with raw materials needed for many industries, as well as the foreign trade sector, where agricultural exports amounted to about 3.7 billion pounds, accounting for about 9% of total exports in Egypt 2013, which helps to provide the foreign exchange needed to finance development programs. Egypt has focused during the last two decades to make many developments in the agriculture sector, which had the greatest impact In the formation of the national income and enhancing direction toward exports, as well as the affection on cropping patterns, applied technology and the level of farmers’ income. Among the most important features of change witnessed by the agriculture sector in the framework of preserve the water resource and increase the availability of it for use are: re-use of agriculture drainge water to irrigate some of farms after mixing it with irrigation water in some canals and channels, as well as wastewater after treatment. Also the state carried out many projects that reduce pollution rates of the Nile and its branches in an effort to improve water quality where pollution levels have reached unacceptable levels in many agricultural areas which affected the ability of these areas on a healthy and safe food production, whether For local consumption and for export abroad. Nevertheless, the pollution levels are still high in some agricultural areas, especially in the ends of canals and waterways, as well as the lack of equitable distribution of water among farmers in addition to large quantities of water wasted in the land Clay. So it is necessary to continue in the development of several projects to improve the use of water Irrigation and increase the quality and reduce waste of them. Field irrigation development project has already been implemented in different parts of the republic in the north, south and central Egypt in order to cure the problems of old lands of wasting large quantities of water, lack of equitable distribution of water, erosion of dust canals, weeds growth and pollution, multiplicity of irrigation systems as well to the time, effort and cost of large efforts in operations agricultural land irrigation. Therefore, this study examined the economic impact of this project in Behaira governorate, one of the largest governorates of implementing this project to determine the impact of the implementation of this project on the amount of gross savings in irrigation water and the productivity of agricultural land and the project usefulness in the treatment of the mentioned problems of irrigation in the old lands, as well as a vision for the installation of the optimal crop rotation for rationalizing the use of irrigation water and maximizing its return, rather than to identify the Funders of the project and develop proposals to finance the project on the level of generalization of the Republic. The study included four key parts in addition to the introduction, which contained the problem, the objectives, the sources of data and the research methodology. The problem of study is represented in increasing pressure on the water resource as a result of continued population growth, which requires more vertical and horizontal development that need to more land reclamation and more than one supplier of water and this is inconsistent with the development strategy that are looking to reduce the consumption of water component in the light of political developments. The study discussed ways of rationalizing the use of irrigation water to as little as possible while maintaining the highest productivity of the water unit at the lowest cost possible through the identification of field irrigation project development and economic and financial evaluation to find out the feasibility of the project and the extent of the yield earned for the farmer and the state In Behaira governorate, and to put the installation Crop patterns have more satisfactory to achieve the greatest net return possible under the least amount of water consumed. The study relied on previous studies in this area, secondary data published and unpublished, authorities and various institutions such as the Ministry of Agriculture and land reclamation، Central Department of the Agricultural Economics, Ministry of Irrigation and Water Resources, the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and statistics, and Internet sites, as well as field data from a sample Inquisition fieldwork in Kafr El Dawar, Abu Hummus districts, Beheira governorate in the agricultural season of 2013 / 2014 . Part I included two chapters. The first chapter deals with the theoretical framework for the study, which reviewed many of the Issues related to the search topic, as well as explaining concepts used in the study, while the second chapter deals with the previous studies ( review of literature), showing that agriculture patterns and the exploitation of water resources are not commensurate with the limited size of this resource and the expected problem size in The coming years as a result of the extravagance of the farmers in the use of water due to not pricing and the feeling of having no value addition to the expansion in the cultivation of crops of rice and sugar cane, which led to a deterioration of large areas of soils, low fertility, the appearance of the saline soils and lack of efficient drainage networks in which leading to lower yields. Part II reviewed field irrigation development systems at the farm level through the four seasons. The first chapter reviewed the irrigation systems prevailing in Egypt in the old lands represented in surface (flood), irrigation sectors (slides), irrigation basins, irrigation lines, as well as the problems of water management in light of these systems, as well as modern irrigation systems to ensure the new land, whether drip or spray with the advantages and disadvantages of each. Chapter II included the implementing phases of the project, addressing the objectives of the project, its activities, areas planned for implementation of the project as well as reviewing the different models for the development of canals and seculars and technical considerations when choosing any of them. This chapter also addressed the water users associations and their benefits. The third chapter estimated costs for the development of Field irrigation in Behaira governorate in 2014, While the fourth chapter studied the different funding sources and the nature of the projects targeted by each source, with exposure to the problems of agricultural finance and the reasons for the reluctance of many sources for financing the agricultural sector, with the development of proposals to find alternatives to finance the project on the level of the Republic. Part III included the economic impacts study for the development of field irrigation systems in Beheira In four chapters. The first chapter ensures that the selection and characterization of the study sample was chosen as the Behaira governorate As the second largest governorate in which the restructuring of irrigation systems, in addition to that territory Located at the ends of canals affiliate network of irrigation on the level of the Republic and the consequent of the problems of lack of access to water. The sample was withdrawn from Psontwaa village of Abu Hummus district and Kom Isho village of Kafr Al- Dawar district, in addition to the selection of crops of wheat, cotton and rice, as the main important crops area. While the second chapter reviewed the results of the economic evaluation of the alternative irrigation systems in the specular innuendos and pipes buried In addition to the sensitivity analysis at reducing the lifespan of the project for five years with leaving other factors constant. Chapter III included the statistical estimation of the production functions for the studied crops to identify the impact of the use of irrigation technology development on production volume using transforming variables. Fourth chapter reviewed a descriptive analysis of the developing problems suffered by farmers and suggestions for the improved performance. The fourth and last part of the study dealt with the optimum use of the water resource in the context of the development events of the field irrigation in Behaira governorate in three chapters. The first chapter included the strategic vision of agricultural development to raise the efficiency of the two units of land and water by displaying targets regarding agricultural sector and policies to achieve those goals in addition to raising the efficiency of the use of water resources program. The second chapter reviewed the impact of the establishment of field irrigation development on the evolution of both the crop area and consumed quantity of irrigation water during the period (1985, 2012) where it was divided into two periods, the first (1985: 1997) before the start of operation of the project, and the second (1998: 2012) after the implementation of the project in order to determine the extent of the accident of evolution before and after field irrigation development in the governorate. Chapter III has included the use of linear programming to develop a proposal for the installation of the crop pattern to achieve the greatest net return with low needs of water are possible. Six scenarios were put in the framework of the strategic vision of agricultural development, two of them to be applied to the near-term in 2017, and four scenarios for application on the long-term in 2030. The study has reached several conclusions, among which was the feasibility of the field irrigation development project as It achieved its desired goals. by conducting sensitivity analysis of the project, it is found that positive yield overlying costs in all years of useful life to the two development alternatives. Regarding to the impact of the use of field irrigation development technology on crops, study shows the decrease in the cost of producing an acre of rice from about 2740 pounds, on average, to about 2126 and 2191 pounds of land equipped innuendos canals and buried pipes respectively, higher productivity per acre of about 3 tons of traditional irrigation land to about 3.8 and 3.5 tons of land with a specular innuendos and pipes buried respectively. Also water consumption of an acre of rice decreased, equivalent to about 2,700 m3 water in land-equipped canals innuendos, and about 3024 m3 in the land equipped with buried pipes. The cost of production per acre of cotton crop has decreased from about 3693 pounds, on average, to about 2913 and 3200 pounds of land equipped canals innuendos and buried pipes, respectively, and productivity per acre increased from about 7.4 quintars of land with traditional irrigation to about 8.7 and 9.2 quintars of land with specular innuendos and pipes buried respectively. The consumption of water per acre decreases, equivalent to about 2527 m3 of water in land-equipped canals innuendos, and about 4061 m3 in the land equipped with pipes buried the cost of producing an acre of wheat decreased from about 2482.5 pounds, on average, to about 2053 and 2179.5 pounds in land equipped canals innuendos and pipes buried, respectively, and productivity per acre increased from about 14.5 ardebs in land with traditional irrigation to about 16.1 and 16.4 ardabs in medium ground with specular innuendos and buried pipes. Water consumption of wheat acre has decreased by about 958.9 m3 in land-equipped canals innuendos, and about 1050.3 in the territory processed pipes buried. Despite the feasibility of the project, the results of field research proved the existence of some of the problems faced by farmers during their use of the upgraded Marawi without which it could increase the efficiency of project performance and benefit farmers, which was highlighted by the presence of many technical defects during the installation of the specular led to the leakage of water into the subsoil and dumping some areas of land with a broken pipes and leaking water them, or the thirst of others because farmers deficit of irrigation in the breaking of a pipe is muted lifting Main station until maintenance damaged. Studying the evolution of crop area and the amount of water consumed in Behaira governorate during the period (1985: 2012) which has been divided into two periods (1985: 1997) before the operation of the project, (1998: 2012) after the operation of the project showed a significant difference between the two periods of the total crop area and an area both winter and summer. average crop area increased annually by 6.60 thousand acres during the first period and 27.5 thousand acres during the second period, while the winter area increased by about 1.02 thousand acres 14.6 thousand acres during the first and second periods, respectively, while the summer area has increased annually at a rate of 4.3 thousand acres and 0.20.1 thousand acres during the same periods, respectively, while the Nili area there is no significant difference between the two periods, where it dropped annually by 320 acres during the entire period. In relation to the evolution of the amount of water consumed during the two periods, no significant difference shown while total water consumed decreased annually by 11 million m3 during the entire period, and the amount of water consumed decreased for winter and summer by about 4, 10.9 million m3 respectively, while showing significant difference between the amount of water consumed for Nili season during the first and the second periods, dropping by about 25.2 and 3.2 million m3 respectively. As it turns out, there is a significant difference between the two periods regarding water rate per acre, which fell with an annual average of standardized water per acre of the total crop area, Nili area about 0.05 and 3.6 m3 during the first period, respectively, and approximately 0.09 and 0.06 thousand acres during the second period respectively. While it became clear that there is no difference, for winter and summer seasons where water fell by 0.01 and 0.02 thousand acres during the entire period, respectively. The study proposed six scenarios for the installation of cropping patterns in Behaira governorate that achieve the greatest return with less needs of water within the framework of the vision of agricultural development strategy, as stated two scenarios for application on the near-term in 2017, and four scenarios for application on the long-term in 2030. All agreed on the need to reduce the voracious use of crop area of water, rice and sugar cane. The study has recommended expanding in the implementation of field irrigation development project where the positive yield overlying costs under all circumstances and changes throughout the useful life of the project, and taking into account technical aspects during implementation so as to reduce wastage in water quantity to the least grades targeted in order to achieve the farmer maximum advantage. |