الفهرس 
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Abstract
SUMMARY
P
eriodontal disease is a bacteria-induced chronic inflammatory disease affecting the soft and hard supporting structures encompassing the teeth.
Several proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, responsible for tissue destruction are secreted in GCF, it possess a great potential for serving as diagnostic or prognostic markers of the periodontal health, disease and healing after therapy. The collection of GCF is a relatively simple, noninvasive, and site specific procedure
Calprotectin is a 36-kDa protein composed of a dimeric complex of 8- and 14-kDa subunits. Neutrophils are the primary source of calprotectin although other cells, such as activated monocytes and macrophages and specific epithelial cells, are also capable of manufacturing the protein. Calprotectin acts as a calcium- and zinc-binding protein with both antimicrobial and antifungal activities. Furthermore, calprotectin plays a role in immune regulation through its ability to inhibit immunoglobulin production and, of particular interest, its role as a proinflammatory protein for neutrophil recruitment and activation
Calprotectin concentrations in the GCF were positively correlated to the severity of periodontitis stratified by probing pocket depth, which is the most widely used diagnostic tool for the clinical assessment of connective tissue and bone destruction in periodontitis. Also, there was decreased concentration of calprotectin after non-surgical periodontal therapy.
Calprotectin is considered as a proinflammatory cytokine and bone resorptive biomarker of periodontal disease.
The study was conducted on forty patients. They were divided into three groups based on probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL): chronic periodontitis (group 1) (n=15), aggressive periodontitis (group 2) (n=15) and healthy control (group 3) (n=10). Clinical examination including plaque index, sulcus bleeding index, probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level was carried at the baseline and 3 months after baseline.
GCF samples were collected from all the groups to estimate the levels of calprotectin using Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) at baseline and 3 months after treatment i.e. scaling and root planing (SRP).
The results of calprotectin concentrations in GCF were compared between the three groups before and after treatment. The mean calprotectin concentration at baseline was highest in aggressive periodontitis group (123.4 ±83.9). The mean calprotectin concentration in chronic periodontitis group was (47.3±11.2) and in healthy control it was (35.9±4.1).
Results showed that the greater the amount of periodontal tissue destruction there is substantial increase in GCF calprotectin concentrations.
Since, calprotectin levels are positively correlated with PD and CAL, it can be considered as an inflammatory biomarker in periodontal diseases.