الفهرس 
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Abstract
30. Examination and AIV isolation from pigeons Two hundred examined pigeons were apparently healthy. They did not show any clinical sign . Pigeons examined for previous and recent exposure to AI virus by HI test to detect heamaglutinin antibody resulted from pervious exposure to AI virus and by Real time RT PCR to detect AI virus resulted from recent infection. The result revealed that all birds was free from AI virus and antibody also. Pigeons examined for PMV by RT PCR and the result revealed that all birds free from PMV. Isolation of the virus from AI infected backyard chickens:31 Orophangyeal and cloacal swabs were collected from either H9N2 or H5N1 suspected backyard chickens. These chickens showed clinical signs of avian influenza in form of:depression and droopiness ,loss of appetite ,cyanosis (purplish-blue coloring) and swelling of wattles and comb ,edema and swelling of head, eyelids, comb, wattles, and hocks and diarrhea. 32.These swabs were examined by RRT-PCR and isolation of the virus in SPF ECE. After second passage ECE allontic fluid collected and titration of virus was done.