الفهرس 
Chapter One : Terminology of bee and the Concept of Beekeeping in Ancient EgyptOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The research area of this paper is the ”Beekeeping in ancient Egypt ”.The researcher is shading the light on the ancient Egyptian’s concept of beekeeping ,why they have chosen the bee especially , why it was sacred , why the scenes of beekeeping very rarely and the influence of the care of the bee that reached to the final representation of beekeeping in the tomb of Pabasa in the 26th Dyn.
Bees associated with royal title ”nsw bity” meaning ’he of the sedge and the bee” which was conventionally translated as ’King of Upper and Lower Egypt’ or ’King
of the South and North.
Scenes of beekeeping in ancient Egypt were very rare, although honey and beeswax were used in the daily life and in many manufactures from the predynastic period .
Survey all the available data based on :
-scenes
-Inscriptions
-Previous studies
Objectives
a)To recognize the ”Beekeeping in Ancient Egypt” and illustrate the beekeeping scenes in ancient Egypt .
b) To classify the honey and wax manufacture that based on beekeeping
c)To explain the relationship between the bees ,gods and goddesses .
d)To illustrate the concept of beekeeping
Methodology
The study is employing a descriptive analytical approach through the scenes of beekeeping and the excavation of the honey vessels in Egyptian tombs and the importance of the bee and it’s product .
Conclusion
Although the Ancient Egyptians used to register daily life scenes on the walls of their tombs the beekeeping scenes were very rarely represented .from the Predynastic Period to the Late Period ,there were only eight scenes . There was no specific explanation for this phenomen. The bee was very sacred because descended from a religious source from the tears of god Re.
There was no specific flower depended on producing honey but ancient Egyptians used to sail along the Nile to obtain rich harvests The bees collected their nectar from orange flowers from the Said , the essence of the roses of Fayum , the sweets of the Arabian Jasmine and of every flower. And this was confirmed in the mythology of God Re that mentioned that The bee was absorbed the nectar from the flowers of every plant . The kind of hives that used in ancient Egypt still found in parts of Upper Egypt .
The bee appeared in ancient Egypt from the 1st Dyn. the king Narmer translated as beekeeper ,the bee appeared in the reign of king Den and also from the front of the base of a statue Djoser dating to the 3rd Dyn.
The first scene for beekeeping found in the sun temple ; this was a religious place because it dedicated to the sun god Re in Heliopolis . These sun temples were built on the west bank of the Nile ; the ancient Egyptians believed that this the domain of the dead so it must have been connection between the solar temples and the next world. This bas relief was part of a series of illustration in the ”chamber of the seasons ” this chamber was a very important chamber in the sun temple that dedicated to the god Ra and it was named by this name because it had reliefs and scenes concerned the nature and also portraying the activities of man and animals through the three Egyptian seasons. This sun temple of king Niuuserre in the 5th Dyn. this scene represented the extracting of honey and beeswax from the honeycomb , the second scene found in Rekhmire tomb ,the same scene repeated in two scenes ,the beekeeper was not a normal worker but he had a religious position ;the workers in these scenes named Nykara had many titles ”the greatest of the tens of Upper Egypt ”,the scribe overseer of ganaries overseer of all marshlands , overseer of officials, overseer of all hunters, overseer of all beekeepers. He also was priest of Re. the highest –ranking individual to overseer the honey harvests.
There were beekeepers directly worked with temples and supplied them with honey for ritual needs. One individual was the actual beekeeper, and another was concerned with gathering and processing the honey.