الفهرس 
Urinary bladder CarcinomaOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy affecting the urinary tract. In Egypt, bladder cancer constitutes about 30% of all malignancies where it is still the most common malignant tumor among males. Schistosomiasis is the reason for the high incidence of bladder cancer in Egypt. Tumor recurrence and multifocality are two common features of bladder tumors making it one of the most expensive human malignancies to manage. One of the major factors believed to be involved in making BC resistant to conventional drug therapies is the presence of cancer stem cells which are capable of self-renewal and differentiation. The most important members of CSCs’ regulatory core are transcription factors such as Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog, which are defined as key players in the regulatory network for maintaining the “stemness” state of stem cells. Inflammation may also activate normal or cancer stem cells via PGE2 signaling. It is accepted that COX-2, the PGE2-generating enzyme, is important to inflammation-related carcinogenesis. CD44 has been also identified as a cell surface marker associated with cancer stem cells in several types of tumors including urinary bladder cancer. The aim of the current work is to detect cancer stem cells in the available types of urinary bladder carcinoma by using OCT4 and CD44 and the rrelationship between them and COX2 in S.haematobium and non S.haematobium associated urinary bladder carcinoma and to correlate the.