الفهرس 
Anatomy and physiology of the eyeOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Background: The eye is one of the most complex organs of the human body. In the human eye, three layers can be distinguished. The outer region consists of the cornea and the sclera, while the middle layer of the eye is composed of the iris, the ciliary body and the choroid and the inner layer of the eye is the retina, a complex, layered structure of neurons that capture and process light. The three transparent structures surrounded by the ocular layers are called the aqueous, the vitreous and the lens.Patients assume a certain risk of vision loss when undergoing ophthalmic surgery, but awaking blind after elective non ocular surgery is a catastrophic event for the patient, the surgeon and the anaesthesiologist.
Aims: The aim of this work is to present the specific mechanisms responsible for causes of perioperative ocular and visual complications, and how to manage and prevent.
Methodology: Visual loss after anaesthesia and surgery is an unexpected and a devastating complication. Symptoms and signs of eye injury associated with visual loss are not generally familiar to most anaesthesiologists. The incidence of visual loss postoperatively has been estimated at 0.003% and 0.0008%. Cases can be divided into retinal ischemia, Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (ION), cortical blindness and acute glaucoma.
Conclusion: The most serious injuries that are most likely to result in blindness are RAO and ION. Even with avoidance of inadvertent pressure on the eye, many of these complications still occur, particularly after spine, cardiac, and head and neck surgery. The etiology of many of the injuries appears to be multifactorial, but the risk factors remain incompletely explained, and more studies are necessary.