الفهرس 
1- IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common types of cancer in the world, accounting for 85–90 % of the total primary liver cancer burden worldwide. It is also the third most frequent cause of cancer-related mortality.
In Egypt, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second and sixth most common malignancy in men and women; respectively. The rising incidence of HCC may be due to high prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and its complications.
Risk factors of HCC can be broadly classified into genetic, clinical and environmental, in genetic risk factor, the most common type of genomic sequence variation is single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and is thought to be associated with population diversity, susceptibility to disease, and individual response to drug treatment. clinical risk factors include Cirrhosis, chronic Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Infection, chronic Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Infection, Co-Infection of HBV and HCV Virus, Schistosomiasis, Alcoholism, Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and Diabetes mellitus (DM). Environmental risk factors include pesticides and cigarette smoking.
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection causes inflammation of the liver and a variable grade of damage to the organ that over decades can lead to cirrhosis. Egypt has one of the highest prevalence rates of HCV infection. Disease progression is influenced by additional factors such as duration of infection, age at infection, gender, coinfection with HBV, and the level of HCV viremia and its genotype.