الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present study was carried out to evaluate the percent of Trypanosoma evansi infection among imported camels from Sudan to Egypt during the period of investigation (13 months) in the quarantine period in Abu-Simbel Veterinary Quarantine at the South border of Egypt. A total number of 396 imported camels were inspected from September, 2014 till September, 2015, clinically examined and sampled during different months of the year, different age, and with male in relation to sex for epidemiological studies using thin blood smear and PCR techniques for diagnosis of Trypanosoma evansi.
The clinical signs of the examined camels infected by Trypanosoma evansi can be summarized as follow, acute form and chronic form of which is more common.
The acute form showing poor body condition, rising of body temperature up to (38.81 ± 0.05°C), Hyper-lacrimation with congestion of ocular membranes and edematous swelling in the lower parts of legs were the most prominent clinical findings. Signs of chronic form of Trypanosoma evansi were general debility and severe emaciation (disappearance of the hump, projections of ribs and atrophy muscles particularly thigh muscles), pale mucous membrane of conjunctivae with lacrimation, the camel was yawning, enlargement of lymph nodes particularly superficial cervical lymph nodes, edematous swelling in scrotal sacs with enlargement of testicles and edema in the base of neck and edematous and enlarged prolapsed penis and signs of balanoposthitis. Numerous ticks were parasitized camels infected with Trypanosoma evansi
Out of 396 examined camels, 47.73% (n= 189) of them showed clinically suspected and 52.27% (n=207) appeared to be clinically healthy. The prevalence of Trypanosoma evansi infection using blood film technique was 12.17% among the clinically suspected cases and 0% among apparently healthy camels (overall prevalence 5.81%). Whereas, the prevalence of Trypanosoma evansi infection using TBR 1/2 primer-based PCR was reached 48% among clinically suspected camels and 20% among apparently healthy camels (Total prevalence 43.3%).
By using thin blood smear and TBR 1/2 primer-based PCR technique, the results revealed that the highest prevalence of Trypanosoma evansi found in age group (5-10 years) with percent of 28.19%. Higher prevalence of Trypanosoma evansi was seen during June, July & August with percent of 37.18%, such age susceptibility and seasonal influence were discussed in details.
The obtained results indicated that lower percentage of Trypanosoma evansi infection by thin blood smear than PCR techniques were noticed and discussed. Camels were negative by thin blood smear found to be positive by PCR technique, as PCR technique is sensitive and specific for the detection of Trypanosoma evansi in the blood of camels. These indicate that there were high proportion of sub-clinical and carriers of Trypanosoma evansi infection among the imported camels.
The obtained results in the present study indicate the spread of Trypanosoma evansi infection among camel population imported from Sudan. Consequently, it is recommended that good management and hygienic precautions should be carried out immediately to minimize the entrance of infectious diseases from Sudan to Egypt, establish a modern laboratory unit containing PCR in Abu-Simbel Veterinary Quarantine for camel diseases to reveal up the infectious diseases among camels and other animals.