الفهرس 
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Abstract
Nanotechnology is growing as an exponential rate and will undoubtedly have both beneficial and toxicological impact and consequences on health and environment. In spite of ZnO NPs is of particular interest as ZnO NPs is widely used in a number of consumer products such as cosmetics, dye sensitized cells, plastic additives and electronics due to its distinct thermal, electronic and optical properties, the exposure to ZnO NPs must be reduced. It was indicated that, ZnO NP-induced cytotoxicity was concentration and time-dependent.
Here, ZnO nanoparticles were prepared using a simple precipitation method using Zinc Nitrate and Sodium Hydroxide. The XRD analyses indicate that highly pure ZnO was formed. TEM and SEM images of ZnO show that the particles were spherical in shape with a mean particle size of 38 ±3 nm.
We studied the effect of different doses of ZnO NPs (50, 100, 200 and 400 ppm) on washed human erythrocytes, platelet-rich plasma and whole blood. We found ZnO NPs caused coalescence of erythrocytes and activation of platelets and the effect was dose and time dependent.
We found that addition of ZnO NPs to erythrocytes suspended in PBS-citrate caused adhesion of NPs to the membranes of erythrocytes and erythrocyte coalescence. Addition of ZnO EPs induced activation of platelets. This indicates that NPs could be potentially prothrombogenic and the effect was dose and time dependent. Possible undesirable results of these capabilities are harmful interaction with biological systems with the potential to generate toxicity.
The toxicity of ZnO NPs on RBCs and platelets is a result of a combination of shape and composition.
ZnO NPs induced deformity in the erythrocytes after 24 hours incubation, and the deformity increased at the highest concentration of ZnO NPs (400 ppm) suspended PBS/citrate.
We did not observe adhesion of NPs on platelets; even though the effect of engineered nanoparticles on platelets induced an activation which is functionally important.
7.2 Conclusion and Recommendation
• We conclude that the development of nanotechnology and the study of nanotoxicology have increased our awareness of environmental particulate pollution generated from natural and anthropogenic sources, and hope that this new awareness will lead to significant reductions in human exposure to these potentially toxic materials.
• Occupational, incidental and direct exposure via consumption can be given as the most likely routes of exposure to ZnO ENPs.
• There is a clear need for assessment of such potentially dangerous toxic effects of nanomaterials for human and environment in a short-term period.
• With increased knowledge, and ongoing study, we are more likely to find cures for diseases associated with nanoparticle exposure, as we will understand their causes and mechanisms.
• Blood cells are convenient systems for the study of membrane properties and their interactions with various substances. As knowledge on the relevant mechanisms is as yet rudimentary,
• We suggest that further studies using these systems should be performed.
• We fore see a future with better-informed, and hopefully more.