الفهرس 
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Abstract
This work aimed to study the effect of rehabilitation of drinking water network on water supply sufficiency and quality in the East of Alexandria:
1- Urbanization indicators of the studied areas
2- Drinking water sufficiency in terms of quantities and pressure.
3- Drinking water quality in terms physico-chemical and Biological characteristics and how far it complies with the Egyptian drinking water regulations.
The study was carried out in Ezbat Mohsen and Ezbat El-Rahma in East District. The water samples were collected from both Ezbats and analyzed in the laboratory of the Environment Health Department in the Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University.
This study is cross sectional descriptive study. Water samples were collected randomly from the houses. An interviewing questionnaire was designed to:
1. Community and leaders using; data collection sheet, and data collection questionnaire:
Questionnaire for determining the presence of urbanization indicators in both villages included the following data that collected from the residences including population jobs, water problems, raring of animals and presence of urbanization indicators such as rice machines, schools, Furnaces, sewage disposal, electricity and buildings.
2. Governmental sources using; data collection sheet, and data collection questionnaire.
3. Field survey using; observation sheets and data collection questionnaire.
The data that collected were based on communications from the village residents and presented in the following graph confirming the previous data collected from the village residents.
4. Alexandria Drinking Water Company using; data of water distribution network and data on reported failures in water distribution networks
Water samples were collected and analyzed chemically (turbidity, total dissolved solids, residual chlorine) and biologically (fecal coliform and Streptococcus fecalis) according to standard methods.
The results of the present study are summarized as follows:
1-Urbanization Indicators
1.1Socio-demographic characteristics
The highest percentage for the reason of living was due to recent marriage among those who living in Ezbat Mohsen (60.8%) as compared to Ezbat El-Rahma (40%). On the other hand, it was reported that the percentages due to work and birth place were (47.5% & 12.5% in Ezbat
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El-Rahma vs 31.7% & 6.7% in Ezbat Mohsen respectively). Lower rates were reported in Ezbat Mohsen. There was no statistically significant difference between both.
Concerning the occupation, the worker represent higher percentage in Ezbat Mohsen as compared to Ezbat El-Rahma (45.8% vs 42.5 respectively). Also, Merchants show higher percentage in Ezbat Mohsen as compared to Ezbat El-Rahma (25.8% vs 22.5 respectively). Contrary, employee constitute high percentage inEzbat El-Rahma as compared to Ezbat Mohsen (35% vs 28.3% respectively) but no statistically significant difference was found.
Regarding the type of house that the percentages among those who have apartment in Ezbat Mohsen and Ezbat El-Rahma (94.9% & 72.5% respectively) as compared to those who have house (5.1% & 27.5% respectively) and there was an extremely statistical significant difference. In contrast, there is no statistically significant difference among those who rent (73.3% in Ezbat Mohsen & 65% in Ezbat El-Rahma) and the owners (26.7% in Ezbat Mohssen& 35% in Ezbat El-Rahma).
1.2 Life style
Although the percentages of the absence of animals and birds in the housing units of the interviewed persons in both Ezbat Mohsen and Ezbat El-Rahma(72.5% & 62.5% respectively) were higher than those who had animals and birds (27.5% & 37.5% respectively), there was no statistically significant difference.
The percentages of those who have not traditional cooking facilities in both Ezbat Mohsen and Ezbat El-Rahma (95.8% in Ezbat Mohsen & 97.5% in Rahma) were higher than those have (4.2% & 2.5% respectively) and no statistically significant difference was found.
2- Drinking water Sufficiency
Using of water pumps by the occupants of the housing units might be considered an indicator of drinking water insufficiency whatever in terms of water quantity and/or water pressure in water distribution network.
Concerning the presence of water pump, the percentage of those who have water pump in Ezbat Mohsen is higher those of Ezbat El-Rahma (43.3% vs 40% respectively) and vice versa among those who didn’t have and statistically significant difference was found.
The majority of people in both Ezbat Mohsen and Ezbat El-Rahma have not enough water (84.2% and 77.5% among Ezbat Mohsen and Ezbat El-Rahma) meanwhile the percentage among those who have enough water in Ezbat El-Rahma was higher in Ezbat Mohsen (22.5% vs 15% respectively) but no statistical significant difference was found.
As regarding water availability a long day hours, it was recorded that Ezbat El-Rahma showed approximately equal percentages among those who have water every 6hr/day, 12
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hr/day and 18 hr/day (30%, 32.5% and 35% respectively) and these percentages were higher than those having water every 6hr/day and 12hr/day (12.5% and 22.5% respectively).
In contrast, Ezbat Mohsen shows higher percentage as compared to Ezbat El-Rahma among whom have water every 2hr/day (26.7% vs 2.5% respectively) and those have every 18hr/day (38.3% vs 35% respectively) with statistically significant difference.
3-Drinking water Quality
3.1Physico-chemical characteristics
Concerning the physical properties of drinking water, Ezbat El-Rahma shows higher rates of non-statistically significant differences in the changes in water taste, color and smell (37.5%, 35.9% and 40% respectively) as compared Ezbat Mohsen (34.2%, 32.5% and 36.7% respectively). In contrast, it shows statistically significant difference in the sediments matter as compared to Ezbat Mohsen (71.8% vs 43.7%).
Regarding the water turbidity, samples of 1.5 NTU to less than 2 NTU recorded the highest rates (50.6%) followed by that of 1NTU to less than 1.5 NTU (36.4%) meanwhile the lowest rate was recorded among samples of 2.5NTU to 8NTU.
Concerning residual chlorine concentration the present work shows that the highest percentage was observed in sample of 0.2 ppm to less than 0.3 ppm (42.8%), followed by samples from 0.3 ppm to less than 0.45 ppm then from 0.1 ppm to less than 0.2 ppm and from 0.45 ppm to 3 ppm (40.3%, 13% and 3.9% respectively).
Regarding solids concentrations, sample of 325 ppm to less 425 ppm has the highest percentage of solid concentration (48%), followed by that of 225 ppm to 325 ppm (33.8%) the by those of concentrations ranged from 425 ppm to 525 ppm and from 125 ppm to less than 225 ppm (13% and 5.2% respectively).
3.2 Biological characteristics
Sample containing 20,000 and less30,000 cell/ml in Ezbat Mohsen constitutes the highest rate of bacterial infection and was higher than that of Ezbat El-Rahma (41.8% and 31.8% respectively).
On the other hand, the lowest rate was detected among sample containing from 80,000 to 100,000 cell/ml in Ezbat Mohsen and no infection was detected in Ezbat El-Rahma (7.3% and 0.0% respectively).
In case of coliform infection, samples have less than 1.0 cell/ml constitute the highest rates of infection (50.9% and 50% in Ezbat Mohsen and Ezbat El-Rahma respectively) while the lowest rates were detected among samples containing 3-4 cell/ml (14.5% and 13.6% in Ezbat Mohsen and Ezbat El-Rahma respectively).
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Ezbat Mohsen showed high percentages of fecal coliform in samples containing from one to less than 2 cell/ml and from 2 to 3 cell/ml, but no statistically significant difference was found.
As regards Streptococcal infection, the highest rate of infection is detected in samples having less than 1.8 cell/ml (70.9% in Ezbat Mohsen higher than 59.1% in Ezbat El-Rahma ) and the percentage decrease by increasing the number of cells/ml.