الفهرس 
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two different
natural irrigations (Propolis and Curcumin), as regard to: Canal
cleanliness and Microhardness of root canal dentin.
Sixty extracted human single rooted premolar teeth were used.
Decoronation was done and standardization of length at 16 mm. Grooves
were performed on the external mesial and distal surfaces to facilitate
splitting after instrumentation.
Samples were divided into three equal groups (20 each) according
to the type of irrigant being used:
• group (1): 4% Propolis (4 gm Propolis / 100 ml dimethyl sulfoxide).
• group (2): 0.25% Curcumin (0.25 gm Curcumin /100 ml dimethyl
sulfoxide).
• group (3): 2.5% Sodium hypochlorite.
Each group was further subdivided into two equal subgroups (10
each) according to the method of evaluation.
• Subgroup A: For evaluation of canal cleanliness.
• Subgroup B: For evaluation of microhardness of root canal dentin.
Evaluation of Canal cleanliness:
After root canal instrumentation, longitudinal sectioning of the
samples was done by #15 surgical blade. Images of the split roots were
done by Stereomicroscope. Using the image analysis software, percentage
of debris for Cervical, middle and apical thirds was calculated by dividing
the pixels of debris by the total pixels representing the entire area of the
canal.For subgroup A, from each group, two representative samples were
selected blindly and gold sputtered to be viewed by scanning electron
microscope (SEM) to verify the results of different irrigating materials on
the cervical, middle and apical thirds of each root canal.
Data was collected and statistically analyzed.
Evaluation of Microhardness:
The root samples were longitudinally split and the most proper and
obvious half of each sample was embedded in autopolymerized acrylic
resin. The samples were ground flat and smooth with a series of
increasing finer polishing papers. The measurements were taken using
Vicker’s microhardness tester at three different points for each sample on
the cervical, middle and apical thirds. Data was collected and statistically
analyzed.
Results:
The results of canal cleanliness by stereomicroscope showed that
none of the different irrigations used resulted in total removal of the
amount of debris. However Propolis showed better cleaning ability to
remove debris followed by NaOCl. The highest mean debris percentage
was recorded with Curcumin. Statistically there was significant difference
between all materials on the overall amount of debris of the root canal.
The results of canal cleanliness by scanning electron microscope
was the same like the results of stereomicroscope where Propolis showed
least amount of smear layer followed by NaOCl followed by Curcumin.
The results of microhardness showed that the highest mean of
microhardness was recorded with NaOCl followed by Curcumin, the
lowest mean was recorded with Propolis. Statistically there wassignificant difference between Propolis and NaOCl on the overall average
of microhardness of the root canal.