الفهرس 
History , Rationale and Epidemiology of IMNOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Gerhard Küntscher is credited with the first use of this device (Intramedullary Nailing : IMN ) in 1939/1940 . When placed in a fractured long bone, IM nails act as internal splints with load-sharing characteristics. Various types of load act on an IM nail : torsion, compression, tension and bending. Physiologic loading is a combination of all these forces. Intramedullary nails have multiple indications and contraindications.
There are numerous types of complications such as: Infection and soft tissues complications. Deformity. Union defects . Thromboembolism, pulmonary embolism, fat embolism & DVT . Shock . Compartment syndrome . Neurovascular complications & Hematoma formation. Malalignment. Heterotropic ossification & excessive callus. Complication of fixation. Refracture & iatrogenic fracture . Plastic deformation & bending . Leg Length Discrepancy LLD. Contracture . Avascular Necrosis (AVN). Metal irritation & implant failure. Nail complications. Skin necrosis. Joint pain, stiffness & disturbances. Muscle atrophy. Reamer complications . General complications of any surgery Complications of some type of nails as: ESIN ( nail prominence, loss of reduction & tendon injury ) and Gamma nail ( lag screw cutout, distal screw breakage & loss of reduction ).