الفهرس 
Anatomy of AirwayOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The failure to maintain a patient’s airway following the induction of general anesthesia is a major concern not only for anesthesiologist but also for the operating surgeon. For securing the airway tracheal intubation using direct laryngoscopy remains the method of choice in most cases. However direct laryngoscopic intubation is difficult in 1.2% of cases and impossible in few cases, who seem to have normal airways. The unanticipated difficult laryngoscopic intubation places patients at increased risk of complications ranging from sore throat to mortality. Maintaining a patient’s airway is essential for adequate oxygenation & ventilation; failure to do so even for a brief period of time can be life threatening. Approximately 600 patients die each year in a developed world from complications related to airway management, and the scenario in the under developed world is much grimmer Retrograde endotracheal intubation was first described by Butler and Cirillo in 1960 as a way to remove the tracheostomy tube in neck surgery. In this procedure, a catheter is passed towards cephalad through the tracheostomy site and emerged in the mouth; then, the catheter is sutured to an endotracheal tube and it is pulled into the trachea. Retrograde intubation is recommended in the difficult airway algorithm of The American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) as an alternative non-invasive method of intubation when there is difficulty with tracheal intubation but the patient’s lungs can still be ventilated .