الفهرس 
Pain in labourOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Pain during childbirth is one of the most excruciating pain experiences that women encountered in their lives.
Stretch of the cervix during dilatation, ischemia of the muscle wall of uterus with buildup of lactate, and stretch of the vagina and the perineum during the second stage of labour are probable causes of labour pain.
Fear of childbirth has been associated with longer first and second stage of labour and dissatisfaction with the childbirth experience.
Fear of childbirth has also been implicated in women’s requests for caesarean sections and a resultant increased rate of caesarean sections.
Adequate analgesia during labour has a positive influence on the course of labour. Most women who deliver in modern obstetric units request some form of pharmacological and non-pharmacological pain relief. The ideal obstetric analgesic should provide potent analgesic efficacy with minimal maternal and neonatal adverse effects. Epidural analgesia offers the best pain relief for many women in labour. But when it is contraindicated or woman does not wish to have an epidural analgesia, administration of injectable opioids such as pethidine or Tramadol hydrochloride or injection of non-opioids as acetaminophen is a simple and less invasive alternative.